Table 2.
Interaction Effects Between Sexual Identity, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity on Protective School Assets: California Healthy Kids Survey, California, 2013–2014
| School Connectedness Standardized, B (95% Cl) | Adult Caring Standardized, B (95% Cl) | Adult Expectations Standardized, B (95% Cl) | Meaningful Participation Standardized, B (95% Cl) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sexual identity | ||||
| Heterosexual only | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group |
| LGB only | −0.39 (−0.46, −0.33)*** | −0.14 (−0.20,−0.07)*** | −0.23 (−0.29,−0.16)*** | −0.16 (−0.23,−0.10)*** |
| Heterosexual and LGB | −0.37 (−0.55, −0.18)*** | −0.24 (−0.44, −0.05)* | −0.29 (−0.48,−0.10)** | −0.13 (−0.32,0.06) |
| Neither heterosexual nor LGB (transgender youth only) | −0.50 (−0.77, −0.23)*** | −0.45 (−0.73,−0.17)** | −0.63 (−0.91,−0.35)*** | −0.42 (−0.70, −0.14)** |
| Gender | ||||
| Nontransgender boys | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group |
| Nontransgender girls | 0.01 (−0.01,0.02) | 0.01 (−0.01,0.02) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05)*** | 0.04 (0.03,0.05)*** |
| Transgender | −0.34 (−0.58, −0.09)** | −0.14 (−0.39,0.12) | −0.09 (−0.35,0.17) | 0.10 (−0.16,0.35) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group | Reference group |
| Hispanic | −0.06 (−0.07, −0.04)*** | −0.16 (−0.18,−0.15)*** | −0.12 (−0.13,−0.11)*** | −0.06 (−0.07, −0.04)*** |
| Black | −0.23 (−0.26, −0.21)*** | −0.10 (−0.13,−0.07)*** | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03)*** | 0.07 (0.04,0.10)*** |
| Asian | −0.02 (−0.04, −0.00)* | −0.14 (−0.16,−0.12)*** | −0.09 (−0.11,−0.07)*** | 0.01 (−0.01,0.02) |
| Other | −0.13 (−0.14, −0.11)*** | −0.12 (−0.14,−0.10)*** | −0.10 (−0.12,−0.08)*** | −0.01 (−0.03,0.01) |
| Two-way interactions of gender by sexual identity | ||||
| Nontransgender girls × LGB only | −0.12 (−0.19,−0.04)** | −0.17 (−0.25,−0.09)*** | −0.09 (−0.17,−0.01)* | −0.18 (−0.26,−0.10)*** |
| Nontransgender girls × Heterosexual and LGB | 0.01 (−0.22,0.25) | 0.06 (−0.18,0.30) | 0.09 (−0.15,0.34) | −0.06 (−0.30,0.19) |
| Transgender × LGB only | −0.12 (−0.41,0.18) | −0.24 (−0.54,0.07) | −0.19 (−0.49,0.12) | −0.35 (−0.65, −0.05)* |
| Transgender × Heterosexual and LGB | −0.11 (−0.53,0.30) | −0.14 (−0.57,0.28) | −0.39 (−0.82,0.04) | −0.07 (−0.50,0.35) |
| Two-way interactions of gender by race/ethnicity | ||||
| Nontransgender girls × Hispanic | −0.06 (−0.08, −0.05)*** | −0.02 (−0.04, −0.00)* | −0.01 (−0.03,0.00) | −0.13 (−0.15,−0.12)*** |
| Nontransgender girls × Black | −0.06 (−0.10,−0.02)** | 0.04 (−0.00,0.08) | 0.04 (0.00, 0.08)* | −0.17 (−0.21,−0.13)*** |
| Nontransgender girls × Asian | −0.08 (−0.10, −0.06)*** | −0.01 (−0.03,0.02) | 0.02 (−0.00,0.04) | −0.05 (−0.07, −0.02)*** |
| Nontransgender girls × Other | −0.02 (−0.05,0.00) | 0.01 (−0.02,0.04) | 0.02 (−0.01,0.04) | −0.06 (−0.09, −0.03)*** |
| Transgender × Hispanic | 0.04 (−0.25,0.33) | −0.16 (−0.46,0.15) | −0.24 (−0.54,0.07) | −0.24 (−0.54,0.07) |
| Transgender × Black | 0.05 (−0.57,0.66) | −0.45 (−1.08,0.18) | −0.20 (−0.83,0.44) | −0.17 (−0.83,0.49) |
| Transgender × Asian | −0.22 (−0.67,0.24) | −0.04 (−0.51,0.43) | −0.27 (−0.74,0.19) | −0.29 (−0.76,0.18) |
| Transgender × Other | −0.08 (−0.47,0.31) | −0.44 (−0.84, −0.04)* | −0.60 (−1.00, −0.20)** | −0.12 (−0.52,027) |
| Two-way interactions of race/ethnicity by sexual identity | ||||
| Hispanic × LGB only | 0.10(0.02,0.17)* | 0.00 (−0.07,0.08) | 0.06 (−0.02,0.14) | 0.14(0.06,0.21)*** |
| Hispanic × Heterosexual and LGB | 0.17 (−0.05,0.38) | 0.20 (−0.03,0.42) | 0.17 (−0.05,0.40) | 0.15 (−0.07,0.38) |
| Hispanic × Neither heterosexual nor LGB (transgender youth only) | 0.18 (−0.14,0.50) | 0.45 (0.12,0.78)** | 0.53 (0.20,0.87)** | 0.55 (0.22, 0.88)** |
| Black × LGB only | 0.00 (−0.14,0.15) | −0.05 (−0.20,0.11) | −0.00 (−0.16,0.15) | −0.08 (−0.23,0.08) |
| Black × Heterosexual and LGB | −0.06 (−0.48,0.36) | 0.34 (−0.09,0.77) | −0.01 (−0.45,0.44) | 0.43 (−0.00,0.86) |
| Black × Neither heterosexual nor LGB (transgender youth only) | −0.04 (−0.68,0.61) | 0.44 (−0.22,1.11) | 0.19 (−0.48,0.85) | 0.35 (−0.34,1.03) |
| Asian × LGB only | 0.05 (−0.05,0.16) | −0.04 (−0.15,0.07) | −0.01 (−0.12,0.10) | 0.12 (0.01,0.23)* |
| Asian × Heterosexual and LGB | 0.02 (−0.27,0.31) | 0.03 (−0.28,0.33) | −0.09 (−0.39,0.21) | 0.07 (−0.23,0.37) |
| Asian × Neither heterosexual nor LGB (transgender youth only) | 0.37 (−0.12,0.86) | 0.27 (−0.23,0.78) | 0.63 (0.13,1.14)* | 0.55 (0.05,1.06)* |
| Other × LGB only | 0.14(0.04,0.24)** | 0.07 (−0.03,0.17) | 0.08 (−0.03,0.18) | 0.09 (−0.01,0.19) |
| Other × Heterosexual and LGB | 0.03 (−0.27,0.33) | 0.27 (−0.04,0.58) | 0.32 (0.01,0.63)* | 0.27 (−0.04,0.58) |
| Other Neither heterosexual nor LGB (transgender youth only) | 0.30 (−0.13,0.72) | 0.57 (0.13,1.01)* | 0.84 (0.39,1.28)*** | 0.29 (−0.15,0.73) |
| Threevray Interactions of gender by sexual Identity by race/ethnlclty | ||||
| Non-transgender girls × LGB only × Hispanic | −0.02 (−0.11,0.07) | 0.11 (0.02, 0.20)* | 0.01 (−0.09,0.10) | 0.03 (−0.06,0.12) |
| Non-transgender girls × LGB only × Black | 0.18(0.00,0.36)* | 0.23 (0.05, 0.42)* | 0.14 (−0.05,0.32) | 0.37(0.18,0.55)*** |
| Non-transgender girls × LGB only × Asian | 0.08 (−0.05,0.21) | 0.14(0.00,0.28)* | 0.10 (−0.04,0.24) | −0.02 (−0.16,0.12) |
| Non-transgender girls × LGB only × Other | −0.07 (−0.20,0.05) | −0.01 (−0.14,0.11) | −0.04 (−0.16,0.09) | 0.00 (−0.12,0.13) |
| Non-transgender girls × Heterosexual and LGB × Hispanic | −0.20 (−0.47,0.08) | −0.25 (−0.53,0.03) | −0.24 (−0.52,0.05) | −0.12 (−0.40,0.17) |
| Non-transgender girls × Heterosexual and LGB × Black | 0.12 (−0.40,0.65) | −0.48 (−1.02,0.05) | −0.16 (−0.71,0.39) | −0.47 (−1.01,0.06) |
| Non-transgender girls × Heterosexual and LGB × Asian | 0.04 (−0.34,0.41) | 0.09 (−0.30,0.48) | 0.23 (−0.15,0.62) | 0.01 (−0.37,0.40) |
| Non-transgender girls × Heterosexual and LGB × Other | −0.09 (−0.46,0.27) | −0.24 (−0.62,0.14) | −0.43 (−0.81, −0.06)* | −0.22 (−0.59,0.16) |
| Transgender × LGB only × Hispanic | −0.37 (−0.73, −0.01)* | 0.25 (−0.13,0.62) | 0.09 (−0.29,0.46) | 0.11 (−0.26,0.48) |
| Transgender × LGB only × Black | −0.70 (−1.43,0.03) | −0.07 (−0.83,0.68) | −0.47 (−1.22,0.29) | 0.07 (−0.71,0.84) |
| Transgender × LGB only × Asian | 0.47 (−0.10,1.04) | 0.24 (−0.35,0.83) | 0.36 (−0.23,0.96) | 0.43 (−0.16,1.02) |
| Transgender × LGB only × Other | 0.02 (−0.47,0.50) | 0.55 (0.04,1.05)* | 0.66 (0.16,1.17)* | 0.17 (−0.33,0.67) |
| Transgender × Heterosexual and LGB × Hispanic | −0.48 (−0.97,0.01) | −0.11 (−0.62,0.39) | 0.09 (−0.42,0.60) | −0.34 (−0.85,0.17) |
| Transgender Heterosexual and LGB × Black | −0.89 (−1.90,0.12) | −0.07 (−1.11,0.96) | −0.17 (−1.21,0.88) | −0.18 (−1.23,0.87) |
| Transgender × Heterosexual and LGB × Asian | 0.30 (−0.41,1.01) | 0.16 (−0.57,0.89) | 0.65 (−0.08,1.38) | 0.23 (−0.49,0.96) |
| Transgender × Heterosexual and LGB × Other | −0.05 (−0.70,0.60) | 0.02 (−0.65,0.69) | 0.22 (−0.45,0.89) | −0.13 (−0.80,0.55) |
Boldface indicates statistical significance of p < .05. Adjusted main effects estimates use multilevel linear regression, controlling for grade in school, parent education, and school clustering (via random intercepts). School connectedness was standardized based on 5 items using 5-point Likert scale response options, while adult caring, adult expectations, and meaningful participation were standardized based on 3 items using 4-point Likert scale response options.
B, beta; Cl, confidence interval; LGB, lesbian, gay, or bisexual.