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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 17.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Aug 17;78(7):666–678. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.049

Central Illustration. Dose-response relationships between lignan intake and CHD risk.

Central Illustration.

Data were truncated between 1st −99th percentile value. The axis for hazard ratio is in natural log-scale. Models were age- (months) and calendar-time stratified and adjusted for ethnicity (white, African American, Asian, others), smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, currently smoke 1–14 cigarettes per day, 15–24 cigarettes per day, or ≥25 cigarettes per day), time-varying BMI (<21.0, 21.0–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–26.9, 27.0–29.9, 30.0–32.9, 33.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m2), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 g/d), multivitamin use (yes, no), physical activity (quintiles), healthy plant-based diet index (quintiles), and family history of myocardial infarction. Panel A: P value for non-linearity: 0.003.Panel B: P value for non-linearity: <0.001.Panel C: P value for non-linearity: <0.001.Panel D: P value for non-linearity: 0.17. Panel E: P value for non-linearity: 0.11.