Table 1.
Age-standardized characteristics of study participants at median follow-up.
| Total lignans intake | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
|
|
||||||
| Nurses’ Health Study (2000) | ||||||
| No of participants | 14,153 | 14,154 | 14,153 | 14,154 | 14,154 | |
| Total lignans, μg/d1 | 173.4 (155.4,185.6) | 213.7 (205.1,221.8) | 246.4 (238.1,254.7) | 284.1 (273.5,296.4) | 352.6 (328.0,395.0) | |
| Matairesinol, μg/d1 | 5.2 (4.3,6.4) | 6.7 (5.5,8.3) | 8.0 (6.4,10.2) | 9.6 (7.4,12.8) | 13.5 (9.2,19.5) | |
| Secoisolariciresinol, μg/d1 | 60.0 (50.3,69.5) | 74.1 (65.2,83.4) | 82.9 (73.5,93.0) | 91.1 (80.7,102.3) | 103.9 (90.9,119.6) | |
| Pinoresinol, μg/d1 | 36.2 (30.6,42.1) | 46.6 (40.9,52.9) | 55.1 (48.8,62.2) | 65.7 (58.2,73.7) | 87.3 (75.5,103.6) | |
| Lariciresinol, μg/d1 | 66.1 (57.8,74.0) | 84.1 (76.5,91.6) | 98.4 (90.1,106.8) | 115.8 (105.5,126.3) | 149.2 (132.2,171.1) | |
| Age (years)* | 65.1 (7.3) | 66.0 (7.1) | 66.4 (7.1) | 66.8 (7.0) | 67.8 (6.9) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.6 (5.3) | 25.1 (4.6) | 25.0 (4.6) | 24.7 (4.4) | 24.2 (4.2) | |
| Race | ||||||
| - | White, % | 97.3 | 97.8 | 98.1 | 97.9 | 97.6 |
| - | African American, % | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
| - | Asian, % | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
| - | Others, % | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| Physical activity(MET-h/wk) | 6.5 (1.7,16.0) | 8.4 (2.7,20.2) | 10.2 (3.2,22.4) | 11.7 (4.0,25.4) | 15.2 (5.2,30.7) | |
| Hypertension, % | 50.8 | 48.9 | 47.2 | 45.7 | 44.0 | |
| High cholesterol, % | 58.6 | 58.8 | 58.6 | 58.3 | 57.4 | |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| - | Never smokers, % | 48.9 | 46.5 | 45.1 | 43.0 | 41.7 |
| - | Past smokers, % | 40.0 | 43.9 | 46.3 | 48.5 | 50.3 |
| - | Current smokers, % | 11.0 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.0 |
| Family history of MI, % | 18.3 | 18.6 | 18.8 | 19.2 | 20.5 | |
| Multivitamin use, % | 53.9 | 58.9 | 62.0 | 63.7 | 65.2 | |
| Oral contraceptive use, % | 49.1 | 49.4 | 50.5 | 51.1 | 50.6 | |
| Hormone use | ||||||
| - | premenopausal, % | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.0 |
| - | postmenopausal-never, % | 27.3 | 25.0 | 23.3 | 22.6 | 22.5 |
| - | postmenopausal-current, % | 41.9 | 44.5 | 46.4 | 47.3 | 46.0 |
| - | postmenopausal-past, % | 28.1 | 28.0 | 28.2 | 27.7 | 29.5 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 0.9 (0.0,4.6) | 1.8 (0.2,6.6) | 2.2 (0.4,7.7) | 2.9 (0.5,9.1) | 3.0 (0.5,9.6) | |
| Alternative healthy eating index | 43.3 (7.7) | 47.8 (7.4) | 50.7 (7.4) | 53.6 (7.6) | 58.4 (8.9) | |
| Total energy intake (Kcal/d) | 1726.0 (542.2) | 1743.1 (524.1) | 1755.4 (534.2) | 1737.6 (530.3) | 1740.9 (538.9) | |
|
| ||||||
| Nurses’ Health Study II (2003) | ||||||
| No of participants | 18,536 | 18,523 | 18,533 | 18,530 | 18,517 | |
| Total lignans, μg/d1 | 151.2 (131.5,165.8) | 198.4 (188.3,207.8) | 236.2 (226.4,246.4) | 281.3 (268.6,296.2) | 365.1 (334.8,416.8) | |
| Matairesinol, μg/d1 | 5.0 (3.9,6.6) | 7.0 (5.3,9.0) | 8.5 (6.4,10.9) | 10.4 (7.8,14.0) | 14.9 (10.5,22.6) | |
| Secoisolariciresinol, μg/d1 | 45.1 (36.2,55) | 62.7 (53.1,73) | 74.1 (63.5,85.5) | 85.1 (72.9,98) | 103.6 (87.7,121.1) | |
| Pinoresinol, μg/d1 | 33.8 (28.2,39.7) | 45.2 (39.3,51.5) | 54.3 (47.3,62) | 66.3 (57.6,75.3) | 90 (77,107.4) | |
| Lariciresinol, μg/d1 | 60.8 (51.8,69.3) | 80.9 (72.8,89.2) | 97.2 (87.5,107) | 117.8 (106.2,129.9) | 159.5 (139.9,187.4) | |
| Age (years)* | 41.5 (4.8) | 42.3 (4.6) | 42.8 (4.6) | 43.3 (4.5) | 43.8 (4.4) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.4 (6.2) | 24.8 (5.4) | 24.6 (5.2) | 24.5 (50) | 24.0 (4.7) | |
| Race | ||||||
| - | White, % | 95.3 | 96.5 | 96.8 | 96.9 | 96.4 |
| - | African American, % | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| - | Asian, % | 1.9 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 |
| - | Others, % | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
| Physical activity(MET-h/wk) | 10.3 (3.4,30.9) | 11.9 (4.2,30.9) | 13.4 (5.1,34) | 15.7 (6.2,37.7) | 20.4 (8.3,47.4) | |
| Hypertension, % | 12.2 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 8.9 | |
| High cholesterol, % | 24.0 | 21.9 | 20.8 | 20.7 | 20.0 | |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| - | Never smokers, % | 72.8 | 67.5 | 64.7 | 61.7 | 59.8 |
| - | Past smokers, % | 17.3 | 22.0 | 24.9 | 27.3 | 29.8 |
| - | Current smokers, % | 9.9 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 11.0 | 10.4 |
| Family history of MI, % | 48.6 | 48.9 | 48.7 | 49.7 | 49.0 | |
| Multivitamin use, % | 39.0 | 43.2 | 45.6 | 48.2 | 51.7 | |
| Oral contraceptive use, % | 78.2 | 79.3 | 79.4 | 78.9 | 77.2 | |
| Hormone use | ||||||
| - | premenopausal, % | 89.2 | 89.2 | 89.4 | 89.8 | 89.1 |
| - | postmenopausal-never, % | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 |
| - | postmenopausal-current, % | 8.1 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.4 | 8.0 |
| - | postmenopausal-past, % | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 0 (0,1.8) | 0.9 (0,3) | 1.4 (0,4.2) | 1.7 (0,5.2) | 1.9 (0,6) | |
| Alternative healthy eating index | 51.1 (5.3) | 53.4 (5.4) | 54.7 (5.5) | 55.8 (5.6) | 57.5 (5.8) | |
| Total energy intake (Kcal/d) | 1789 (518.8) | 1811.9 (503.8) | 1810.4 (496.5) | 1803.1 (499.9) | 1782.2 (503.8) | |
|
| ||||||
| Health Professionals Follow-up Study (2000) | ||||||
| No of participants | 7,578 | 7,579 | 7,579 | 7,579 | 7,578 | |
| Total lignans, μg/d1 | 194.2 (170.2,211) | 249.8 (238.2,260.9) | 296.1 (284.1,308.7) | 351.6 (335.7,370.1) | 458.2 (419.9,518.8) | |
| Matairesinol, μg/d1 | 6 (4.9,7.7) | 7.8 (6.2,10.2) | 9.6 (7.2,13) | 11.9 (8.6,17.5) | 18.1 (10.7,28.8) | |
| Secoisolariciresinol, μg/d1 | 63.4 (52.5,75.5) | 81 (69.7,93.1) | 91.5 (79.4,104.6) | 101.9 (88.2,117.2) | 116.6 (98.7,138.9) | |
| Pinoresinol, μg/d1 | 41.5 (34,49.4) | 57.5 (49.7,66.3) | 70.8 (61.7,81) | 88 (76.2,101.6) | 124.8 (104.6,158.3) | |
| Lariciresinol, μg/d1 | 75.3 (64.5,85.5) | 99.9 (90.3,109.7) | 119.7 (109,131.2) | 144.5 (131,159.1) | 192.9 (168.5,224.7) | |
| Age (years)* | 64.9 (9.2) | 65.7 (9.1) | 65.6 (9) | 66.1 (8.9) | 66.8 (8.9) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.5 (4) | 26.4 (3.8) | 26.3 (3.8) | 26.1 (3.7) | 25.7 (3.7) | |
| Race | ||||||
| - | White, % | 94.2 | 95.5 | 94.9 | 95.4 | 94.9 |
| - | African American, % | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.4 |
| - | Asian, % | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.8 |
| - | Others, % | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
| Physical activity(MET-h/wk) | 15.2 (4.1,35.6) | 18.9 (6.1,39.4) | 21.3 (7.4,42.2) | 24.2 (8.6,47.2) | 26.1 (9.9,50.5) | |
| Hypertension, % | 42.1 | 42.2 | 40.8 | 40.3 | 40.4 | |
| High cholesterol, % | 47.5 | 49.5 | 49.5 | 50.1 | 50.1 | |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| - | Never smokers, % | 50.6 | 45.2 | 44.7 | 43.9 | 43.0 |
| - | Past smokers, % | 42.3 | 49.2 | 50.1 | 51.9 | 52.6 |
| - | Current smokers, % | 7.0 | 5.6 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 4.4 |
| Family history of MI, % | 11.7 | 11.9 | 11.3 | 12.5 | 12.3 | |
| Multivitamin use, % | 43.9 | 50.3 | 53.8 | 56.1 | 57.2 | |
| Alcohol consumption (g/day) | 2.1 (0,8.1) | 5.2 (1.0,12.8) | 7.3 (1.8,15.2) | 8.7 (2.6,17.1) | 10.3 (2.8,23.2) | |
| Alternative healthy eating index | 49.5 (5.7) | 52.4 (5.4) | 54.4 (5.3) | 56.6 (5.5) | 60 (6) | |
| Total energy intake (Kcal/d) | 1980 (562) | 1987 (541) | 1990 (542) | 1979 (527) | 1971 (526) | |
*
Value is not age adjusted
1
Value is median (interquartile range).