. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 17.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Aug 17;78(7):666–678. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.049

Table 3.

Associations between total lignan intake¹ and CHD risk by quintiles of fiber intake.²

Nonfatal MI
Case/person-year	1,444/1,099,886	1,248/1,102,954	1,266/1,104,898	1,225/1,104,811	1,100/1,104,701
Age-adjusted	1	0.84 (0.77, 0.90)	0.83 (0.77, 0.90)	0.79 (0.73, 0.85)	0.68 (0.63, 0.74)	<0.001
Multivariable-adjusted⁴	1	0.91 (0.84, 0.99)	0.96 (0.89, 1.04)	0.95 (0.88, 1.04)	0.88 (0.80, 0.97)	0.04
Fatal CHD
Case/person-year	946/1,101,229	793/1,104,119	725/1,106,115	710/1,105,937	787/1,105,716
Age-adjusted	1	0.80 (0.73, 0.88)	0.74 (0.67, 0.82)	0.71 (0.64, 0.78)	0.73 (0.66, 0.80)	<0.001
Multivariable-adjusted⁴	1	0.92 (0.83, 1.01)	0.90 (0.81, 0.99)	0.87 (0.79, 0.97)	0.89 (0.80, 1.00)	0.04

Hazard ratios were meta-analyzed using fixed effect models.

Median value in each quintile category was used to calculate p value for trend.

Data were combined from three cohorts to calculate the median (IQR).

⁴

Models were age- (months) and calendar-time stratified and adjusted for ethnicity (white, African American, Asian, others), smoking status (never smoked, past smoker, currently smoke 1–14 cigarettes per day, 15–24 cigarettes per day, or ≥25 cigarettes per day), time-varying BMI (<21.0, 21.0–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–26.9, 27.0–29.9, 30.0–32.9, 33.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m²), alcohol intake (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–9.9, 10.0–14.9, 15.0–29.9, and ≥30.0 g/d), multivitamin use (yes, no), physical activity (quintiles), healthy plant-based diet index (quintiles), and family history of myocardial infarction. For women, postmenopausal hormone use (premenopausal, never, former, current, or missing), and oral contraceptive use were further adjusted.