Table 1.

Scaffold properties for design considerations.

Surface area	Crucial for cell–scaffold interactions, facilitating vascularization and tissue infiltration	[54]
	Macroporosity might promote osteogenesis by facilitating cell and ion transport	[58]
	Microporosity improves surface area for protein adsorption, increasing ionic solubility and attachment points for osteoblasts	[58]
Pore size	Pores > 300 µm facilitate new bone formation and vascularization	[54]
	75–100 µm pore size is thought to promote angiogenesis	[6]
	Pore size range from 200 to 500 μm results in optimal tissue penetration vascularization in vivo	[6,21]
Pore interconnectivity	Enhanced bone deposition rate and depth of infiltration	[58]
	Optimal diameter of connections between pores ranges from 700–1200 µm	[54,59]
Surface topology	Roughened surfaces promote osteointegration and favor epithelial attachment	[61]
Mechanical properties	Young’s modulus should be close to 7–30 GPa and a tensile strength of 50–151 MPa	[62]
	Compressive strength should be comparable to cortical bone (100–230 MPa)	[62]
	Degradation rate should match the growth of native ECM to ensure scaffold mechanical support	[21,44]