Table 1. Summary of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.
| Author, year | Country | Design | Participants | Setting | Drug and regimen | Sample size | Overall EPSEs | TD | Akathisia | Parkinsonism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Araújo A. et al., 2016 [37] | Brazil | CS | Schizophrenic patients (age:18–65 years) | Hospital | Atypical antipsychotics (Olanzapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, Clozapine) | 213 | 81 | NS | NS | NS |
| Dhavale H. et al., 2004 [31] | India | CS | Psychiatric patients | Hospital | Haloperidol 2-13mg/day equivalent for 02 months | 71 | 68 | NS | NS | NS |
| Duangrithi D.et al., 2016 [32] | Thailand | CS (R) | Acute psychotic patients with SUD | Rehabilitation center | Depot (IM) antipsychotic agents (Haloperidol or Zuclopenthixol or combination) | 153 | 12 | NS | 7/153 | NS |
| Gebhardt S.et al., 2006 [25] | Germany | CS (R) | Adolescent psychotic patients | Rehabilitation center | Atypical (81.7%) or typical (10.8%) 0r combination (7.5%) for greater than one year | 93 | 37 | 5 | 1 | 2 |
| Ghoreishizadeh M. and Deldoost F. 2008 [34] | Iran | CS | Schizophrenic and Schizoaffective patients (age: 18–60 years) | Hospital | Risperidone 2mg/day for 6 weeks | 100 | 28 | 5 | 23 | |
| Luft B. and Berent E., 2009 [26] | UK | CS | Psychotic patients | Hospital | Long acting (depot) antipsychotics (Risperidone) inj. | 43 | 23 | 10 | 12 | 13 |
| Mentzel L., et al., 2017 [33] | Netherlands | CS | patients with severe mental illness | Hospital | Both typical and atypical (not specified) | 191 | 35 | NS | NS | NS |
| Moreno-Calvete MC. 2013 [29] | Spain | CS | Schizophrenic patients (> 18 years) | Hospital | Both typical and atypical (not specified) for greater than 6 months | 28 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Ojagbemi A.et al., 2018 [36] | South Africa & Nigeria | CS | Schizophrenic patients (> 18 years) | Hospital | Flupenthixol decanoate (< = 30 mg) for 03 months | 99 | 34 | NS | NS | NS |
| Taye H.et al., 2014 [35] | Ethiopia | CS | Psychotic outpatients | Hospital | Chlorpromazine (> = 400 mg/day) equivalent | 377 | 212 | 45 | 108 | 175 |
| Desai N. et al.2017 [30] | India | CS | Psychiatric patients (20–60 years) | Hospital | Monotherapy primarily atypical and the rest typical and combination therapy | 706 | 40 | 4 | 6 | 36 |
| Loughlin AM. et al., 2019 [38] | USA | Cohort study (R) | All antipsychotic users (> 18 years) | Database | Antipsychotic agents not specified | 164,417 | NS | 1,314 | NS | NS |
| Misdrahi D. et al., 2019 [27] | France | Cohort | Schizophrenic patients (> 16 years) | Hospital | Monotherapy primarily atypical and the rest typical and combination therapy | 674 | NS | 56 | NS | 89 |
| Modestin J. et al., 2000 [28] | Switzerland | CS | All inpatients | Hospital inpatients | Typical (63.5%) or clozapine (23%) or both (13.5%) | 200 | 84 | 44 | 22 | 40 |
| Berardi D. et al., 2000 [4] | Italy | CS | Schizophrenic patients (20–69 years) | Community mental Health OPD | Chlorpromazine (430±337 mg) equivalent | 69 | NS | NS | 19 | 19 |
CS, cross-sectional; CS(R), cross-sectional with retrospective approach; SUD, substance use disorder; NS, not specified; EPSEs, extrapyramidal side effects; TD, tardive dyskinesia