Table A.1.

First-stage results of robotisation.

	Baseline	Add controls
	(1)	(2)
Robots per 1000 workers, ln, Japan	0.954${}^{★★★}$	0.859${}^{★★★}$
	(0.132)	(0.147)
Robots per 1000 workers, ln, South Korea	$-$0.088	$-$0.113
	(0.153)	(0.135)
ICT adoption controls		$✓$
Capital intensity		$✓$
Observations	259	257
Kleibergen-Paap F	92.86	26.74

Notes: The dependent variable is the log of the number of robots per 1000 workers in Italy in 2018. The ICT adoption controls are: percentage of firms buying cloud computing services in 2018; percentage of firms in 2019 that use Enterprise Resource Planning software package to share information on sales/purchases with other internal functional areas; percentage of firms in 2019 that use Customer Relationship Management software to collect, file and share data; percentage of firms in 2019 that use Customer Relationship Management software for marketing analysis; percentage of firms that have purchased between 2015 and 2017 goods and services in the area Internet of Things; percentage of workers in 2019 that were provided portable devices allowing internet connection for business purposes. Capital intensity is measured using the logged capital-labour ratio. Standard errors clustered at the aggregate industry level used in the IFR dataset are shown in parentheses. ${}^{★★★}$ indicate coefficients significantly different from zero at the 1% level.