Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with or without anticoagulation treatment during hospitalization.
| No treatment (n=1381) | Treatment (n=367) | OR (95% CI) | P-valuea | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-valuea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
| Age, years | Mean (SD) | 59.3 (21.7) | 65.3 (14.1) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 62 (48–75) | 67 (56–76) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.0001 | |
| Sex | Male | 876 (63.4%) | 264 (71.9%) | 1.48 (1.15–1.9) | 0.0025 | 1.62 (1.2–2.19) | 0.0017 |
| BMI, % | Mean (SD) | 24.5 (4.7) | 26 (5.1) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 24.9 (21.9–26.3) | 26 (23.1–28.0) | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 0.0004 | |
| D-dimer | Mean (SD) | 0.9 (2.4) | 1.6 (3) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 0.56 (0.00–0.56) | 0.7 (0.0016–1.4) | 1.10 (1.05–1.14) | <0.0001 | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 0.001 | |
| Days from disease onset | Mean (SD) | 6.4 (6.9) | 7.4 (6.4) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 6 (3–9) | 7 (4, 9.5) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.0297 | 1.01 (1–1.03) | 0.1136 | |
| Smoking history | Current/past smoker | 537 (38.9%) | 158 (43.1%) | 1.19 (0.94–1.5) | 0.1474 | 0.99 (0.76–1.28) | 0.9142 |
| Drinking alcohol | Yes | 898 (65%) | 247 (67.3%) | 1.11 (0.87–1.41) | 0.4148 | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.7593 |
| Myocardial infarction | Yes | 8 (0.6%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0.94 (0.2–4.45) | 0.9393 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | Yes | 44 (3.2%) | 10 (2.7%) | 0.85 (0.42–1.71) | 0.6502 | ||
| Myocardial infarction/congestive heart failure | Yes | 49 (3.5%) | 12 (3.3%) | 0.92 (0.48–1.75) | 0.7962 | 0.72 (0.36–1.42) | 0.3393 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | Yes | 11 (0.8%) | 4 (1.1%) | 1.37 (0.43–4.34) | 0.5894 | 0.99 (0.29–3.45) | 0.9929 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | Yes | 67 (4.9%) | 19 (5.2%) | 1.07 (0.63–1.81) | 0.7977 | 1.1 (0.61–1.97) | 0.7599 |
| Paralysis | Yes | 16 (1.2%) | 4 (1.1%) | 0.94 (0.31–2.83) | 0.914 | 1.05 (0.32–3.42) | 0.9409 |
| Dementia | Yes | 111 (8%) | 19 (5.2%) | 0.62 (0.38–1.03) | 0.0656 | 0.52 (0.3–0.91) | 0.0217 |
| COPD | Yes | 57 (4.1%) | 20 (5.4%) | 1.34 (0.79–2.26) | 0.2739 | ||
| Chronic lung disease (excluding COPD) | Yes | 42 (3%) | 11 (3%) | 0.99 (0.5–1.93) | 0.9653 | ||
| Bronchial asthma | Yes | 80 (5.8%) | 15 (4.1%) | 0.69 (0.39–1.22) | 0.2029 | ||
| COPD/chronic lung disease/bronchial asthma | Yes | 166 (12%) | 46 (12.5%) | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | 0.7887 | 0.97 (0.67–1.41) | 0.889 |
| Mild liver disease | Yes | 39 (2.8%) | 11 (3%) | 1.06 (0.54–2.1) | 0.8596 | ||
| Moderate-to-severe liver dysfunction | Yes | 2 (0.1%) | 2 (0.5%) | 3.78 (0.53–26.91) | 0.1845 | ||
| Mild liver disease/moderate-to-severe liver dysfunction | Yes | 41 (3%) | 13 (3.5%) | 1.2 (0.64–2.26) | 0.573 | 0.99 (0.51–1.92) | 0.9824 |
| Peptic ulcer | Yes | 15 (1.1%) | 3 (0.8%) | 0.75 (0.22–2.61) | 0.6516 | 0.67 (0.19–2.43) | 0.5452 |
| Hypertension | Yes | 392 (28.4%) | 166 (45.2%) | 2.08 (1.64–2.64) | <0.0001 | 1.48 (1.1–1.99) | 0.0101 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | Yes | 174 (12.6%) | 68 (18.5%) | 1.58 (1.16–2.15) | 0.0036 | 1.01 (0.71–1.42) | 0.9763 |
| Diabetes without complications | Yes | 229 (16.6%) | 114 (31.1%) | 2.27 (1.74–2.95) | <0.0001 | ||
| Diabetes with complications | Yes | 32 (2.3%) | 17 (4.6%) | 2.05 (1.12–3.73) | 0.0192 | ||
| Diabetes (with or without complications) | Yes | 260 (18.8%) | 131 (35.7%) | 2.39 (1.86–3.08) | <0.0001 | 1.65 (1.26–2.18) | 0.0003 |
| Obesity (physicians' diagnosis) | Yes | 90 (6.5%) | 43 (11.7%) | 1.9 (1.3–2.79) | 0.001 | 1.28 (0.82–2.02) | 0.2795 |
| Moderate-to-severe renal dysfunction | Yes | 10 (0.7%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0.75 (0.16–3.44) | 0.7129 | ||
| Haemodialysis before admission | Yes | 4 (0.3%) | 2 (0.5%) | 1.89 (0.34–10.35) | 0.4633 | ||
| Moderate-to-severe renal dysfunction/haemodialysis before admission | Yes | 12 (0.9%) | 3 (0.8%) | 0.94 (0.26–3.35) | 0.9256 | 0.82 (0.21–3.13) | 0.7684 |
| Solid tumour | Yes | 53 (3.8%) | 15 (4.1%) | 1.07 (0.59–1.92) | 0.8262 | ||
| Metastatic solid tumour | Yes | 18 (1.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.21 (0.03–1.55) | 0.1258 | ||
| Solid tumour/metastatic solid tumour | Yes | 70 (5.1%) | 16 (4.4%) | 0.85 (0.49–1.49) | 0.577 | 0.73 (0.4–1.33) | 0.3037 |
| Leukaemia | Yes | 3 (0.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1.26 (0.13–12.1) | 0.8442 | ||
| Lymphoma | Yes | 8 (0.6%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.47 (0.06–3.76) | 0.4759 | ||
| Leukaemia/lymphoma | Yes | 11 (0.8%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0.68 (0.15–3.09) | 0.6206 | 0.73 (0.15–3.51) | 0.6954 |
| Collagen disease | Yes | 15 (1.1%) | 6 (1.6%) | 1.51 (0.58–3.93) | 0.3938 | 1.66 (0.58–4.73) | 0.3418 |
| Immunosuppression | Yes | 39 (2.8%) | 12 (3.3%) | 1.16 (0.6–2.24) | 0.6523 | 1.18 (0.56–2.51) | 0.658 |
| ACEI | Yes | 23 (1.7%) | 11 (3%) | 1.82 (0.88–3.78) | 0.1055 | 1.45 (0.68–3.08) | 0.3407 |
| ARB | Yes | 198 (14.3%) | 85 (23.2%) | 1.8 (1.35–2.4) | <0.0001 | 0.99 (0.7–1.4) | 0.961 |
SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.
a
Chi-squared test between the treatment and no treatment groups.