Table 2.
Negative Binominal Regression Analysis of Social Isolation and Depressive Symptoms (CES-D) among African Americans and Black Caribbeans
| African Americans | Black Caribbeans | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 1a | Model 2 | Model 2a | |||||
| Independent Variablesa | b(S.E.)b | IRR(95%CI)c | b(S.E.)b | IRR(95%CI)c | b(S.E.)b | IRR(95%CI)c | b(S.E.)b | IRR(95%CI)c |
|
| ||||||||
| Objective Social Isolation | ||||||||
| Objective Isolation from Both Family and Friends | 0.35(0.06)*** | 1.41(1.24,1.61) | 0.24(0.07)** | 1.27(1.11,1.46) | 0.50(0.10)*** | 1.65(1.33,2.04) | 0.36(0.12)** | 1.43(1.12,1.81) |
| Objective Isolation from Family Only | 0.13(0.06)* | 1.14(1.01,1.29) | 0.10(0.06) | 1.11(0.97,1.26) | 0.37(0.16)* | 1.45(1.04,2.02) | 0.35(0.18) | 1.41(0.98,2.03) |
| Objective Isolation from Friends Only | 0.17(0.04)*** | 1.19(1.09,1.30) | 0.11(0.05)* | 1.12(1.02,1.23) | 0.16(0.17) | 1.18(0.83,1.67) | 0.05(0.19) | 1.05(0.71,1.56) |
| Not Objectively Isolated from either group | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Subjective Social Isolation | ||||||||
| Subjective Isolation from Both Family and Friends | -- | -- | 0.34(0.07)*** | 1.41(1.22,1.62) | -- | -- | 0.62(0.20)** | 1.86(1.24,2.78) |
| Subjective Isolation from Family Only | -- | -- | 0.18(0.09)* | 1.20(1.01,1.44) | -- | -- | 0.28(0.09)** | 1.33(1.10,1.60) |
| Subjective Isolation from Friends Only | -- | -- | 0.22(0.05)*** | 1.24(1.12,1.38) | -- | -- | 0.31(0.11)** | 1.37(1.09,1.71) |
| Not Subjectively Isolated from either group | -- | -- | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | 0 | 1 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Female | 0.09(0.04)* | 1.09(1.01,1.18) | 0.09(0.04)* | 1.09((1.01,1.18) | −0.10(0.09) | 0.91(0.76,1.09) | −0.13(0.09) | 0.88(0.73,1.07) |
| Age | −0.02(0.00)*** | 0.98(0.98,0.99) | −0.01(0.00)*** | 0.99(0.98,0.99) | −0.01(0.00)*** | 0.99(0.98,0.99) | −0.01(0.00)*** | 0.99(0.98,0.99) |
| Family Income | −0.01(0.00)** | 0.99(0.98,1.00) | −0.01(0.00)** | 0.99(0.98,1.00) | −0.01(0.00)* | 0.99(0.98,1.00) | −0.01(0.00) | 0.99(0.99,1.00) |
| Education | −0.06(0.01)*** | 0.94(0.93,0.96) | −0.06(0.01)*** | 0.94(0.93,0.95) | −0.05(0.01)** | 0.95(0.93,0.98) | −0.04(0.02)* | 0.96(0.93,0.99) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Non- Married | 0.01(0.03) | 1.01(0.95,1.09) | 0.02(0.03) | 1.02(0.95,1.09) | 0.14(0.06)* | 1.15(1.02,1.30) | 0.14(0.05)** | 1.15(1.04,1.27) |
| # of Chronic Health Problems | 0.10(0.01)*** | 1.11(1.08,1.14) | 0.10(0.01)*** | 1.11(1.08,1.14) | 0.14(0.03)*** | 1.15(1.08,1.22) | 0.14(0.03)*** | 1.15(1.07,1.23) |
| F | 43.26*** | 31.66*** | 13.64*** | 11.71*** | ||||
| N | 3556 | 3479 | 1691 | 1671 | ||||
Note: Significance test of the individual parameter estimates were based on a complex design-corrected t-test.
a
Several independent variables are represented by dummy variables. Objective Social Isolation, not objectively isolated from either group is the excluded category; Subjective Social Isolation, not subjectively isolated from either group is the excluded category; Gender, 0 = female, 1 = male; Marital Status, non-married is the excluded category
b
b=regression coefficient; S.E. = standard error.
c
IRR = incident rate ratio; CI = confidence interval
*
p<.05
**
p< .01
***
p<.001