Table 3.
Negative Binominal Regression Analysis of Social Isolation and Psychological Distress(K6) among African Americans and Black Caribbeans
| African Americans | Black Caribbeans | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Model 1 | Model 1a | Model 2 | Model 2a | |||||
| Independent Variablesa | b(S.E.)b | IRR(95%CI)c | b(S.E.)b | IRR(95%CI)c | b(S.E.)b | IRR(95%CI)c | b(S.E.)b | IRR(95%CI)c |
|
| ||||||||
| Objective Social Isolation | ||||||||
| Objective Isolation from Both Family and Friends | 0.32(0.10)** | 1.38(1.13,1.69) | 0.26(0.10)* | 1.30(1.06,1.59) | 0.44(0.12)** | 1.55(1.22,1.97) | 0.32(0.16)* | 1.38(1.01,1.90) |
| Objective Isolation from Family Only | 0.28(0.10)** | 1.32(1.08,1.60) | 0.24(0.10)* | 1.28(1.05,1.56) | 0.60(0.23)* | 1.83(1.13,2.95) | 0.59(0.25)* | 1.80(1.08,3.00) |
| Objective Isolation from Friends Only | 0.15(0.05)** | 1.16(1.04,1.29) | 0.11(0.05)* | 1.11(1.00,1.24) | 0.36(0.11)** | 1.43(1.14,1.80) | 0.28(0.13)* | 1.33(1.01,1.75) |
| Not Objectively Isolated from either group | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Subjective Social Isolation | ||||||||
| Subjective Isolation from Both Family and Friends | -- | -- | 0.27(0.10)* | 1.31(1.06,1.62) | -- | -- | 0.30(0.39) | 1.35(0.60,3.00) |
| Subjective Isolation from Family Only | -- | -- | 0.19(0.10) | 1.20(0.98,1.48) | -- | -- | 0.31(0.16) | 1.36(0.99,1.87) |
| Subjective Isolation from Friends Only | -- | -- | 0.18(0.08)* | 1.20(1.03,1.40) | -- | -- | 0.28(0.21) | 1.32(0.86,2.03) |
| Not Subjectively Isolated from either group | -- | -- | 0 | 1 | -- | -- | 0 | 1 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Female | 0.15(0.06)* | 1.16(1.03,1.30) | 0.14(0.06)* | 1.15(1.03,1.29) | −0.05(0.14) | 0.95(0.71,1.26) | −0.07(0.14) | 0.93(0.70,1.24) |
| Age | −0.02(0.00)*** | 0.98(0.98,0.98) | −0.02(0.00)*** | 0.98(0.98,0.98) | −0.02(0.00)*** | 0.98(0.97,0.99) | −0.02(0.00)*** | 0.98(0.97,0.99) |
| Family Income | −0.01(0.00)* | 0.99(0.98,1.00) | −0.01(0.00)* | 0.99(0.98,1.00) | −0.00(0.01) | 1.00(0.98,1.02) | −0.00(0.01) | 1.00(0.98,1.02) |
| Education | −0.07(0.01)*** | 0.93(0.91,0.96) | −0.07(0.01)*** | 0.93(0.91,0.95) | −0.03(0.02)* | 0.97(0.94,1.00) | −0.03(0.02) | 0.97(0.94,1.00) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Non- Married | −0.02(0.04) | 0.98(0.91,1.06) | −0.02(0.04) | 0.98(0.91,1.07) | 0.17(0.13) | 1.19(0.92,1.54) | 0.18(0.13) | 1.20(0.91,1.57) |
| # of Chronic Health Problems | 0.15(0.02)*** | 1.16(1.12,1.21) | 0.15(0.02)*** | 1.16(1.11,1.21) | 0.15(0.03)*** | 1.16(1.09,1.23) | 0.15(0.03)*** | 1.16(1.09,1.23) |
| F | 51.72*** | 34.54*** | 14.62*** | 8.27*** | ||||
| N | 3559 | 3481 | 1691 | 1671 | ||||
Note: Significance test of the individual parameter estimates were based on a complex design-corrected t-test.
a
Several independent variables are represented by dummy variables. Objective Social Isolation, not objectively isolated from either group is the excluded category; Subjective Social Isolation, not subjectively isolated from either group is the excluded category.; Gender, 0 = female, 1 = male; Marital Status, non-married is the excluded category
b
b=regression coefficient, S.E. = standard error.
c
IRR = incident rate ratio; CI = confidence interval
*
p<.05
**
p< .01
***
p<.001