Table 1.

Data sources.

Data	Description	Source	Web address
Electricity load	Hourly (or intra-hourly) day-ahead electricity consumption	European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E)	https://transparency.entsoe.eu/
Temperature	Daily average temperature in each country's capital retrieved from the University of Dayton weather archive. Missing data are filled by collecting information for the same city from NOAA or Weather Underground, depending on availability.	University of Dayton; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); Weather Underground	http://academic.udayton.edu/kissock/http/Weather https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datatools https://www.wunderground.com/
Residential load	Share of annual electricity load consumed by the residential sector in 2017 in each country.	International Energy Agency (IAE).	https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics
GDP	GDP growth in the first and second quarter of 2020, relatively to the previous quarter.	Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)	https://data.oecd.org/gdp/quarterly-gdp.htm
Excess deaths	Weekly excess death for each country in year 2020 compared with the average 2015-2019 are provided by the open source database of The Economists, which downloads data from EuroMOMO.	The Economist European Monitoring of Excess Mortality for Public Health Action (EuroMOMO)	https://github.com/TheEconomist/covid-19-excess-deaths-tracker https://www.euromomo.eu/
Policies	Information on NPIs and lockdowns in each country.	Various online sources, for example (but not limited to) politico.eu (see Appendix A4)	https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-coronavirus-post-lockdown-rules-compared-face-mask-travel/