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. 2021 Mar 3;7:20. doi: 10.1038/s41378-021-00244-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Size distributions of unprocessed plasma samples and isolated exosome samples from the plasma collected before TBI and 3, 6, and 24 h after TBI treatment; the isolated samples mainly contained particles in the same size range as exosomes (30–150 nm). b Western blot analysis of the exosome biomarker proteins CD63, TSG101, and HSP90. Exosomal biomarkers were present in all isolated samples from plasma collected at different timepoints. c Immunotransmission electron microscopy of isolated exosome samples. Gold-conjugated antibodies are attached to the exosomes, indicating the presence of CD63 and GFAP proteins on the exosomes. Scale bars: 500 nm, 100 nm.