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. 2020 Aug 24;6:67. doi: 10.1038/s41378-020-0178-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Equivalent electrical circuit of the cell–nanovolcano interface during electroporation. CPE_DL is a constant phase element representing the double layer at the electrode–electrolyte interface, R_CT is the charge-transfer resistance reflecting the faradaic charge-transfer at the same interface, C_j and R_j model the junctional capacitance and resistance of the cell membrane, respectively, R_Seal is the seal resistance at the cell–electrode interface, and C_Stray represents the capacitive current leaks along the electrical tracks. b Frequency dependence of the junctional voltage amplitude ratio (V_j/V_EP) of an electroporation pulse for different seal resistances (R_seal). cV_j waveforms in response to square biphasic electroporation pulses (V_EP, stippled line) applied at 100 Hz (left panel) and 10 kHz (right panel) for different values of R_seal (blue: 10 MΩ; red: 100 MΩ; green: 1 GΩ)