Table 1.
Summary of features of transmembrane voltage measurements with micro-nanoelectrodes in primary rat cardiomyocyte monolayers
| Insertion method | Technology | Max. APA [mV] | Max. duration | Max. yield [%] | Distortion/bandwidth [Hz] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single access [min] | Multiple access | |||||
| Electroporation | Nanovolcano | 62 | 6624 | Days | 76.5 | No/0–8000 |
| Nanoneedle17 | 20 | 20 | Days | ~30 | Yes/1–5000 | |
| Micromushroom19 | 6 | 10 | Days | – | Yes/1–10,000 | |
| IrOx nanotube23 | 15 | ~100 | Days | 10 | Yes/0.01–3000 | |
| Optoporation | Plasmonic metaelectrode50 | 5 | 40 | Minutes | 85.4 | – |