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. 2021 Sep 10;11:18088. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97358-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Measurement of dynamic spino-pelvic sagittal balance during gait from the three-dimensional motion analysis. (A) The sagittal spinal angle (SpA) is the sagittal angle between the line connecting the reflective markers on the C7 and S1 spinous process and the line connecting reflective markers on the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). (B) The sagittal pelvic angle (PA) is the sagittal angle between the horizontal axis and the line connecting the reflective markers on the ASIS and PSIS).