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. 2020 Sep 21;6:85. doi: 10.1038/s41378-020-00186-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a A brightfield image of the waveguide array (top view), featuring an illuminated output port. b Schematic illustration of the fluorescent beam imaging experimental setup. c Out-of-plane beam profile imaged in a fluorescent tissue phantom with labeled isointensity contours. d Schematic of the beam profile characterization system. e Radial beam profile, showing a peak intensity at 90°, with rapid off-axis decay. f Gaussian curve fit to the radial beam profile, showing a beam divergence of 13° (1/e² beam width)