Figure 1.

Level-1 path estimates from effect-enhancement motives to number of consequences, hangover (yes/no), nausea (yes/no), and blackout (yes/no) via number of alcohol products and number of cannabis products. Level-2 path estimates were modeled but not presented for simplicity. The c path reflects the total effect, and the c’ path represents the direct effect after including mediator variables. All models included alcohol consumption, cannabis consumption, weekend (vs. weekday), and other drug use as Level-1 covariates, as well as age, sex, and school as Level-2 covariates; these covariates were not presented for simplicity. *p < .05