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. 2021 Sep 3;7:71. doi: 10.1038/s41378-021-00298-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The concept of microneedles was initially developed in 1976³. Reproduced with permission from ref. ³. Copyright 1976, US Patent US3964482A. b The early focus in the 1990s was on transdermal drug delivery, with the first such microneedle device fabricated using the DRIE process⁴. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁴. Copyright © Elsevier. c Recent developments in the technology for controlled ocular drug delivery using a flexible polymeric and biodegradable microneedle patch, representing a nontransdermal application of microneedles⁹⁷. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁹⁷. Copyright © 2018, Nature Publishing Group. d Schematic illustration of an iontophoretic wearable microneedle device and electrochemical microfluidic platform for the extraction of EBV CfDNA from the ISF of mice⁹⁸. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁹⁸. Copyright © 2020, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. e Increase in the number of journal articles published covering microneedle applications since 2010, indicating the importance of the technology⁹⁹. Reproduced with permission from ref. ⁹⁹. Copyright © Springer