Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Dec 30;5:64. doi: 10.1038/s41378-019-0116-8

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 4 — a Comparison of sintering quality using NS and CW lasers- (i) NS laser showing significant balling up effect (see red circled spots) with sporadic necking & crack developments (ii) CW laser showing no balling, uniform necking between particles throughout the spot area. b Variation in sintering quality of Cu NPs from no-sintering to weak sintering, good-sintering & melting as the irradiance of CW laser is increased for (i–iii) A 0.4 μm thick Cu layer on Al substrate for a 500 ms exposure duration (iv-vi) A 0.4 μm thick Cu layer on Glass substrate for 500 ms exposure. c A graph showing the laser irradiance vs exposure duration processing window for a 0.4um thick Cu NP layer on Al substrate. d Processing window for a 0.4 μm thick Cu NP layer on glass -substrate; experiments for Fig. 4a–d are conducted with particle bed at room temperature. e Reduction in sintering and melting onset threshold when using a heated bed at different initial temperatures.