Table 2.

Summary of representative microfluidic-based diagnostic methods for CVD biomarkers.

Technique integrated	Microfluidic building materials	Detected biomarkers	Limitation of detection	Assay time	Sample volume
Field-Effect Transistor-based sensor	PDMS on epoxy substrate	CRP, BNP, cTnI, fibrinogen	CRP (0.1 mg/L), BNP (50 pg/mL), cTnI (1 pg/mL), fibrinogen (0.1 mg/mL)	5 min	4 μL²⁸
Immunofluorescence	PDMS bonded on glass	CRP	1.4 nM	6 min	40 μL²⁹
Immunofluorescence combined with cleavable tag immunoassay (CTI) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC)	PDMS	CK-MB, cTnT, cTnI, Myo	CK-MB (3 ng/mL), cTnT (25 pg/mL), cTnI (2 ng/mL), Myo (5 ng/mL)	50 s	500 μL³⁰
Chemiluminescence immunoassay	PDMS bonded on glass	cTnI	0.027 ng/mL	30 s	100 μL³¹
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer	PDMS	cTnI	50 nM	10 min	20 μL³²
Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering	PDMS in wax module	miR-29a	47 pg/μL	5 min	40 μL³³
Electrochemical immunoassay	PDMS bonded on glass with indium tin oxide patterns	cTnI, cTnT, Myo, BNP	cTnI (0.008 ng/mL), 0.4 ng/mL for cTnT, Myo, BNP	100 s	15 μL³⁴
Electrochemical immunoassay	Graphite monolayer on PDMS module	cTnI	1 pg/mL	10 min	15 μL³⁵
Centrifugal disks & electrochemical immunoassay	PDMS with TiO₂ nanofibrous	CRP, cTnI	CRP (286 pg/mL), cTnI (824 pg/mL)	30 min	10 μL³⁶
Centrifugal disks & electrochemical immunoassay	Polycarbonate	CRP	4.9 pg/mL	20 min	75 μL³⁷
Surface Acoustic Wave	PDMS	CK-MB, CRP, D-dimer, PAPP-A	Less than 1 nM	50 min	not available³⁸
Surface plasmon resonance	PDMS bonded on glass	BNP	5 pg/mL	30 min	not available³⁹