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. 2021 Sep 10;11:18084. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97522-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model of IL6 signaling during CNV. (A) At steady state, IL6 is not expressed and the IL6R (Black Y) is expressed by monocytes (purple). (B) Laser injury (lightning bolt) causes macrophage influx into the choroid including IL6-expressing macrophages (blue) and IL6R⁺ macrophages (yellow with black Y). (C, D) Soluble IL6R derived from monocytes and macrophages binds macrophage-derived IL6 and trans-activates (green arrow) gp130 (Green Y) on CNV endothelial cells. Macrophage-derived IL6 classically activates (blue arrow) the IL6R (Black Y) on endothelial cells and macrophages. D: IL6R⁺ macrophages stimulate angiogenesis (blue arrow).