TABLE 2.

Comparing ethnic-perspectives on body image, body dissatisfaction, and weight-control attempts in children and adults in the USA based on findings related to obesity of the 8 studies¹

References	Research topics and study design	Key findings: racial/ethnic differences in body image, weight perception, body dissatisfaction, and weight-control attempts
Children
Epperson et al., 2014 (40)	Survey, AL, TX, CA Differences in youth racial/ethnic groups with body size, image perceptions, and weight loss 5th graders, M/F, NHB/H/NHW, n = 3954	Positive body perception was associated with fewer weight loss attempts in NHWs (β = –0.51, P < 0.05) and H (β = –0.41, P < 0.05) but not in NHBs; body size was positively associated with weight loss attempts in NHWs (β = 0.46, P < 0.05) and H (β = 0.52, P < 0.05), but not in NHBs (all SEs were not available)
Krauss et al., 2012 (38)	NSY2 Examining racial/ethnic differences in weight misperceptions 12–17 y, F, NHB/H/NHW, n = 5035	NHBs were 28.6% more likely to underperceive their weight status compared to H (15.9%) and NHWs (12.9%); NHWs were 73% more likely to perceive their OW correctly compared to Hs (62.5%) and NHBs (46.6%)
Mikolajczyk et al., 2012 (39)	HBSC2 Examining the differences in perceptions in body satisfaction and body appearance related to poor health or weight problems 11–17 y, M/F, NHB/H/NHW, n = 14,818	NHBs were more likely to think their weight about right when their reported BMI was >90th percentile than others (data were not shown). However, about half of NHB boys did not consider themselves good-looking anymore after getting old (60% at age 11 y vs. 30% at age 17 y)
Adults
Marquez and Murillo, 2017 (45)	NHANES2 Differences in weight loss strategies 20–65 y, M/F, NHB/MA/NHW, n = 9046	For weight loss, NHBs were less likely to use diets than NHWs (OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.90) or exercise for weight loss (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.99). MAs (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.95) and NHBs (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52, 0.95) were less likely to use professional help for weight loss than NHWs
Hendley et al., 2011 (42)	Survey, AT Examining cultural differences in perceived weight status compared to BMI calculation 30–66 y, M/F, NHB/NHW, n = 459	NHBs underestimated their weight status compared with NHWs (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.9, 4.8, after adjusting for SES and comorbidities); NHB vs. NHW women had the greater odds of underestimating weight (OR: 4.6, 95% CI: 2.5, 8.2) than NHB vs. NHW men (OR:1.7, 95% CI: 0.8, 3.8; interaction between gender and race P < 0.01)
Kronenfeld et al., 2010 (41)	Online survey Examining body image and body dissatisfaction (current-preferred silhouette) using 9 silhouettes 25–45 y, F, NHB/NHA/NHW, n = 3733	NHBs 1) had a smaller self-body perception [β (SE) = –0.26 (0.09), P < 0.01], 2) preferred a larger body [higher preference of silhouettes 5–7 (data not shown), P < 0.01], and 3) had a lower body dissatisfaction [β (SE) = –0.46 (0.08), P < 0.01] than NHWs after adjusting for BMI
Dorsey et al., 2009 (43)	NHANES2 Examining racial/ethnic differences in weight misperception ≥20 y, M/F, NHB/MA/NHW, n = 15,954	Weight status misperception among men with obesity was higher for 1) NHBs (OR: 3.0, 95% CI: 2.0, 4.5) than NHWs, 2) having <high school education (OR:1.9, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.1) than those with college education; weight status misperception among women with obesity was higher 1) NHBs (OR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.1) than NHWs, 2) MAs (OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.2) than NHWs, 3) having <high school education (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 3.3, 9.3) than those with a college education
Dorsey et al., 2010 (44)	NHANES2 Examining racial/ethnic differences in weight management behaviors and weight perception for OWB ≥20 y, M/F, NHB/MA/NHW, n = 11,319	OWB group with correct weight perception was more likely to try to lose weight compared with those with weight misperceptions, and the magnitude of association was strongest among NHB males (OR: 5.8, 95% CI: 3.8, 8.8) and females (OR: 5.9, 95% CI: 3.6, 9.6) compared to other ethnic groups (NHW male: OR: 2.8, 95% CI: 2.2, 3.6; MA female: OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.8, 3.7)

¹All studies had a cross-sectional study design, and their global score of study quality assessment was 8. Contents were ordered by age group and publication year.

²A nationally representative sample.

F, female; H, Hispanic; HBSC, Health Behavior in School-aged children; M, male; MA, Mexican American; NHA, non-Hispanic Asian; NHB, non-Hispanic black; NHW, non-Hispanic white; NSY, National Survey of Youth; OW, overweight; OWB, combined overweight and obesity; SES, socio-economic status.