Table 1. Characteristics of Urine Drug Testing Specimens Tested for Prescribed Buprenorphine Between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2019.
| Characteristic | Specimens tested, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 2015-2019 Specimens onlya | |
| Unique patient specimens | 150 000 (100.00) | 88 685 (100.00) |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 67 893 (45.26) | 41 212 (46.47) |
| Male | 82 107 (54.74) | 47 473 (53.53) |
| Age, y | ||
| 18-24 | 15 151 (10.10) | 7239 (8.16) |
| 25-34 | 62 149 (41.43) | 36 334 (40.97) |
| 35-44 | 40 681 (27.12) | 25 660 (28.93) |
| 45-54 | 20 186 (13.46) | 11 963 (13.49) |
| ≥55 | 11 593 (7.73) | 7387 (8.33) |
| US Census Divisionb | ||
| East North Central | 40 033 (26.69) | 25 322 (28.55) |
| East South Central | 12 483 (8.32) | 8619 (9.72) |
| Mid-Atlantic | 25 494 (17.00) | 10 765 (12.14) |
| Mountain | 9527 (6.35) | 6324 (7.13) |
| New England | 9666 (6.44) | 6799 (7.67) |
| Pacific | 13 384 (8.92) | 10 684 (12.05) |
| South Atlantic | 30 398 (20.27) | 15 415 (17.38) |
| West North Central | 3115 (2.08) | 2462 (2.78) |
| West South Central | 5900 (3.93) | 2295 (2.59) |
| Health care practice specialty | ||
| Behavioral health | 22 575 (15.05) | 16 123 (18.18) |
| Primary care physician | 45 129 (30.09) | 25 437 (28.68) |
| Substance use treatment | 82 296 (54.86) | 47 125 (53.14) |
| Payer group | ||
| Medicaid | 44 220 (29.48) | 44 220 (49.86) |
| Medicare | 7279 (4.85) | 7279 (8.21) |
| Private insurance | 23 725 (15.82) | 23 725 (26.75) |
| Uninsured | 12 395 (8.26) | 12 395 (13.98) |
| Unknownc | 62 381 (41.59) | 1066 (1.20) |
| UDT positivesd | ||
| Buprenorphine | 128 240 (85.49) | 74 744 (84.28) |
| Benzodiazepines | 22 484 (18.87) | 12 350 (17.78) |
| Cocaine | 12 037 (8.87) | 8160 (10.22) |
| Alcohol | 12 215 (14.67) | 7473 (14.59) |
| Fentanyl | 5217 (4.94) | 4844 (6.96) |
| Gabapentine | 3773 (14.66) | 3630 (15.05) |
| Heroin | 6785 (5.38) | 4774 (6.19) |
| Hydrocodone | 5699 (4.19) | 2942 (3.72) |
| Oxycodone | 8586 (6.30) | 4815 (6.03) |
| Methadone | 2667 (2.07) | 1442 (1.91) |
| Methamphetamine | 8740 (6.85) | 7683 (10.63) |
| Marijuana | 24 564 (26.92) | 19 138 (28.16) |
| Tramadol | 1953 (2.53) | 1521 (2.47) |
Abbreviation: UDT, Urine Drug Testing.
Regression analysis was performed on the subset of samples collected from 2015 to 2019 because of missing payer group covariate information in 2013 and 2014.
US Census Divisions were as follows: East North Central (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin); East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee); Mid-Atlantic (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania); Mountain (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming); New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont); Pacific (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington); South Atlantic (Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, District of Columbia, and West Virginia); West North Central (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota); and West South Central (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas).
Overall, 61 315 of the 62 381 unknown specimens (98.3%) were found in the 2013 to 2014 time period.
All positive numbers and positivity rates are based on the nonprescribed analyte population except buprenorphine.
No gabapentin UDT results occurred before June 2014.