Figure 26.

(a) Viscoelastic heating and (b) friction heating in UPMIM; (c) Example for temperature courses during plasticizing for three runs at equal parameter settings [107]; (d) Schematic and experimental setup for interfacial friction heating; (e) Interfacial friction heating under different plasticization pressure and amplitude [110]; (f) Longitudinal vibration transducer structure; L₁—rear cover length, L₂—piezoelectric ceramic thickness, L₃—front cover length, L₄—horn length, L₅—ultrasonic sonotrode length, S₁—large cross-section area of horn, S₂—small cross-section area of horn, F₁—rear cover force, V_b—rear cover vibration velocity, F₂—front cover force, V_f—front cover vibration velocity, amplification ratio N = (S₁/S₂)⁻²; (g) Influence of the structural parameters on the heating rate [149].