. 2021 Aug 30;26(17):5255. doi: 10.3390/molecules26175255

Table 4.

Relevant studies of Almonds.

Year	Main Objective	Type of Study	Assay Employed	Materials	Conclusion	Reference
2006	Study to test the efficacy of two different doses of Almonds in reducing oxidative damage and oxidative stress among smokers	In vivo	Alkaline Comet Assay with enzyme (endonuclease III) in human lymphocytes	Almond powder	Almond consumption is protective against oxidative stress and DNA damage among smokers	[122]
2011	Study potential genotoxicity of almond skins	In vivo	Micronucleus test and mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration tests in Swiss Albino Mice (Mus musculus)	Almond skins that were turned into a brown powder	Almond skins are not genotoxic	[123]
2011	Study potential genotoxicity of almond skins	In vitro	Bacterial reverse mutation assay with Salmonella typhimurium	Almond skins that were turned into a brown powder	Almond skins are not genotoxic	[123]
2011	Study the effects on cell growth, cell cycle modulation as well as the genotoxic/anti-genotoxic potential of the fermentation supernatant of colon adenocarcinoma cells	In vitro	Alkaline Comet assay with enzyme (Fpg) in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT29	Purchased almonds digested in an in vitro simulation of the human gastrointestinal passage	Fermented nuts are considered to be not genotoxic in HT29 cells	[124]
2015	Investigate possible beneficial or harmful effects of Ultra high-pressure homogenization technology application on physical, nutritional, and bio-functional properties of almond milk	In vitro	Alkaline Comet assay with enzyme (endonuclease III) in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2	Almond milk samples produced from almond powder	No significant differences between raw and Ultra high-pressure homogenization-treated almond milk indicating that Ultra high-pressure homogenization-treatment did not affect the genotoxic potential of almond milk	[125]
2017	Investigate both the chemopreventive effects of fermented raw Almonds	In vitro	Alkaline Comet assay (Basic assay) in human colon adenoma cell line LT97	In vitro digestion and fermentation of roasted almonds	The genotoxic potential of fermentation supernatants of roasted Almonds can be excluded even for the highest roasting temperature	[126]