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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Pathophysiology of breast cancer. HER2 and other tyrosine kinase receptors present on the cell membrane and join to ligands. Tyrosine kinases undergo phosphorylation and start signaling pathways such as AKT and RAF.