Table 1.
Biological activities of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, either newly isolated or tested in the last decade, in connection with Alzheimer’s disease (includes only alkaloids with an IC50 value ≤ 30 μM for AChE or BuChE; IC50 ≤ 200 μM for POP; any results for GSK-3β are included).
| Alkaloid | Structural Type | Source | IC50 AChE (μM) | IC50 BuChE (μM) | IC50 POP (μM) | GSK-3β (μM) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-norgalanthamine | galanthamine |
Pancratium maritimum
Lycoris longituba |
2.76 ± 0.65 a
8.85 ± 0.58 b |
76.4 ± 3.7 c | n.s. | n.s. | [69,70] |
| 11β-hydroxygalanthamine | galanthamine | Lycoris longituba | 3.04 ± 0.61 a | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | [70] |
| narciabduliine | narcikachnine | Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton | 3.29 ± 0.73 b | 3.44 ± 0.02 c | n.s. | n.s. | [64] |
| N-methylcrinasiadine | narciclassine | Lycoris longituba | 4.23 ± 1.13 a | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | [70] |
| N-(chloromethyl)galanthamine | galanthamine | Lycoris longituba | 5.55 ± 0.6 a | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | [70] |
| O-demethyllycoramine | galanthamine | Lycoris longituba | 8.13 ± 1.49 a | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | [70] |
| deoxypretazzetine | tazettine | Lycoris longituba | 8.44 ± 0.83 a | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | [70] |
| acetylcaranine | lycorine | Amaryllis belladona | 11.7 ± 0.7 a
>30 b |
n.s. | >200 | n.s. | [65,66] |
| narcieliine | narcikachnine | Zephyranthes citrina | 18.7 ± 2.3 b | 1.34 ± 0.31 c | 163 ± 13 | n.s. | [63] |
| undulatine | crinine |
Chlidanthus fragrans
Nerine bowdenii |
23.5 ± 1.2 b | >100 c | >200 | 43.3 ± 4.0 e | [66,71,72] |
| 8-hydroxy-9-methoxycrinine | crinine | Pancratium maritimum | 25.3 ± 1.8 a | >365 d | n.s. | n.s. | [69] |
| N-(chloromethyl)lycoramine | galanthamine | Lycoris longituba | 25.76 ± 1.09 a | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | [70] |
| powelline | crinine | Nerine bowdenii | 29.1 ± 1.6 b | >30 c | >200 | n.s. | [66] |
| carltonine B | belladine | Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton | >30 b | 0.031 ± 0.001 c | n.s. | n.s. | [56] |
| carltonine A | belladine | Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton | >30 b | 0.913 ± 0.020 c | 143 ± 12 | n.s. | [56] |
| narcimatuline | narcikachnine | Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Dutch Master | >30 b | 5.9 ± 0.2 c | 29.2 ± 1.0 | 20.7 ± 2.4 | [62] |
| carltonine C | belladine | Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Carlton | >30 b | 14.8 ± 1.1 c | n.s. | n.s. | [56] |
| narcipavline | narcikachnine | Narcissus poeticus cv. Pink Parasol | >30 b | 24.4 ± 1.2 c | n.s. | n.s. | [61] |
| zephyranthine | lycorine | Hippeastrum hybridum cv. Ferrari | >30 b | >30 c | 142 ± 10 | n.s. | [73] |
| 9-O-demethylgalanthine | lycorine | Zephyranthes robusta | >30 b | >30 c | 150 ± 20 | 50.9 ± 8.9 e | [74] |
| homolycorine | homolycorine | Narcissus poeticus cv. Pink Parasol | >30 b | >30 c | 173 ± 41 | 54.4 ± 8.9 e | [61] |
| nerinine | homolycorine | Zephyranthes citrina | >30 b | >30 c | 190 ± 10 | n.s. | [63] |
| masonine | homolycorine | Narcissus poeticus cv. Pink Parasol | >30 b | >30 c | >200 | 27.81 ± 0.05 | [61,72] |
| caranine | lycorine | Nerine bowdenii | >30 b | >30 c | >200 | 30.75 ± 0.04 | [66,72] |
| 9-O-demethylhomolycorine | homolycorine | Narcissus poeticus cv. Pink Parasol | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | 30.01 ± 0.04 | [72] |
aEeAChE; bhAChE; chBuChE; dEqBuChE; e % inhibition at concentration of 50 μM HPTLC bio-autography assay.