Table of Contents
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1. Introduction: Metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technologies |
2 |
1.1 Fusion-Based AM Techniques |
2 |
1.2. Solid-State AM Techniques |
4 |
1.3. Mixed-Phase (Solid–Liquid) AM Techniques |
5 |
1.4. Surface Engineering via AM Techniques |
6 |
1.5. Comparison and Significance of AM versus Conventional Manufacturing |
7 |
2. Electron-Based Characterization and Diagnostics |
8 |
2.1 Electron Beam-Based Diagnosis/Characterization |
8 |
2.2. X-ray-Based Diagnosis/Characterization |
10 |
2.3. Electron–X-ray Combined Characterization Techniques |
10 |
3. Thermal Imaging |
13 |
3.1. Two-Wavelength Thermal Imaging under the Grey Body Approximation |
13 |
3.2. When the Grey Body Approximation Fails |
15 |
3.3. Discussion on Thermal Imaging |
16 |
4. Ultrasonic Inspection and Evaluation |
17 |
4.1. Ultrasonic Diagnostics |
17 |
4.2. Non-Destructive Ultrasonic Elasticity Measurement and Elastography |
24 |
4.3. Longitudinal and Transversal Sound Velocity Elasticity Measurement |
25 |
4.4. Comparison of Various Ultrasonic Techniques |
29 |
5. Mechanical Test |
30 |
5.1. Elasticity Test with Information on Plasticity |
30 |
5.2. Mechanical Test Provides Only Plasticity |
35 |
5.3. Impact Test |
37 |
5.4. Fatigue Test |
38 |
5.5. Advantages and Disadvantages, Comparison and Discussion of Mechanical Testing |
39 |
6. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy |
39 |
7. Other Diagnostic Methods |
41 |
8. Conclusions and Discussion |
42 |
Reference |
43 |