Table 3.

Antinociceptive effects of Tualang honey supplementation on human and animal models.

Study Models	Subject	Dose, Method of Administration and Duration of Tualang Honey Supplementation	Findings	Reference
Humans	Patients (3–18 y/o) underwent tonsillectomy (n = 38 each group)	Topical 2–3 mL Tualang Honey (applied on both tonsillar bed by a 3 mL syringe) + 4 mL Tualang honey three times daily for 7 days	Early postoperative pain was relieved slightly faster in Tualang honey and antibiotic group compared to the antibiotic only group	[66]
	Patients (13–65 y/o) underwent skin grafting (n = 35)	Honey hydrogel (Tualang honey was added to a mixture of 15% polyvinyl pyrrolidone (Kollidon 90), 1% protein-free agar (Oxoid) solution and 1% polyethylene glycol)	Tualang honey hydrogel may be effective in the treatment of split-skin graft donor sites with minimal pain, discomfort and pruritus.	[67]
	Neonates more than 37 weeks gestation, birth weight more than 2.5 kg, (n = 78)	2 mL of Tualang honey, oral, blinded sampling, pre-packed in 3 mL syringe, administered directly onto dorsum of infants tongue over 30 secs duration of procedure (during venepuncture)	Tualang honey was effective in relieving venepuncture pain compared to 24% sucrose	[68]
Animal models	Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 24)	0.2, 1.2 or 2.4 g/kg, oral, 5 and 10 days	Preemptive administration of Tualang honey 1.2 g/kg for 5 days and 1.2, as well as 2.4 g/kg for 10 days, had a reduction in the pain behaviour score comparable to prednisolone in formalin-induced rats	[69,70,71,72]
	Male rat offsprings (n = 24)	1.2 g/kg, oral, 3 weeks	Tualang honey treated group had a significant reduction in the formalin test score in phase 1 and phase 2 compared to the stressed only group.	[73,75]