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. 2021 Sep 10;9:185. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01126-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — DHA/EPA accelerates glutamate degradation and rescues glutamate-induced β cell apoptosis. a Schematic overview of the differential metabolites involved in glutamate metabolism (n = 5 male and n = 5 female per group). Red circle represents up-regulated metabolites, blue circle represents downregulated metabolites, and open circle represents no change. Microbial gene encoding glutamate dehydrogenase (K00261) was upregulated by DHA/EPA. b, c Representative images of insulin staining in pancreases. Scale bar, 100 μm. d, e Apoptosis of β cell was determined by ELISA. Data are normalized to the db/db group (n = 6 male and n = 6 female per group). f, g mRNA expression of GLT1 and inflammatory cytokines in the pancreas. Groups with different superscript letters are significantly different (P < 0.05)