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. 2021 Sep 10;9:185. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01126-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — Transplantation of DHA/EPA-altered microbiota restores glucose homeostasis (n = 5 male and n = 5 female per group). a–d Linear regression analysis of fecal glutamate/bile acids with OTUs from genera identified in the microbe–metabolite network analysis. Fecal glutamate/bile acids show strong correlations with Coriobacteriaceae (OTU19898), Barnesiella (OTU136) and Clostridium XlVa (OTU57). e–g Relative abundance of Coriobacteriaceae (OTU19898), Barnesiella (OTU136), and Clostridium XlVa (OTU57) in db/db mice after fecal transplantation. Fecal transplantation from DHA/EPA-fed mice to db/db mice was performed as described in the “Methods” section. h Body weight curves for male mice during fecal transplantation. i Body weight curves for female mice during fecal transplantation. j Serum glucose levels after fecal transplantation. k Blood HbA1c levels. l Serum insulin levels. m Fecal l-glutamic acid levels. n Fecal 2-oxoglutaric acid levels. o mRNA expression of GLT1 in the pancreas. p Apoptosis of β cell normalized to the db/db group. q Fecal TCDCA levels. r Fecal TCA/TMCA levels. s Fecal CA/MCA levels. t Fecal CDCA levels. u Fecal DCA levels. v Hepatic mRNA expression of FXR, SHP, PEPCK, and G6PC. Groups with different superscript letters are significantly different (P < 0.05)