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. 2021 Sep 12;2021(9):CD011612. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011612.pub3

Comparison 2. Ketamine versus Midazolam.

Outcome or subgroup title No. of studies No. of participants Statistical method Effect size
2.1 Response rate 5   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.1.1 at 24 hours 4 296 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.48 [1.00, 6.18]
2.1.2 at 72 hours 3 218 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.20 [0.92, 5.28]
2.1.3 at 1 week 2 126 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.11 [1.38, 7.04]
2.1.4 at 2 weeks 1 53 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 4.89 [1.49, 16.10]
2.1.5 at 4 weeks 1 5 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.50 [0.01, 19.56]
2.1.6 at 3 months 1 5 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.00 [0.08, 115.34]
2.2 AE Abnormal dreams 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.2.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.3 AE Agitation/anxiety 4   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.3.1 Infusion day 1 144 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.99 [0.69, 5.75]
2.3.2 at 1 week 3 278 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.32 [0.69, 2.50]
2.3.3 48‐72 hours after last treatment 1 5 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.50 [0.01, 19.56]
2.4 AE Back pain 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.4.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.5 AE Blurred vision 2   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.5.1 Infusion day 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 8.52 [1.80, 40.39]
2.5.2 at 1 week 2 126 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.03 [0.23, 4.70]
2.6 AE Chest pain 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.6.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.6.2 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.7 AE Chills 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.7.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.8 AE Constipation 3   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.8.1 Infusion day 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.80 [0.13, 60.66]
2.8.2 at 1 week 3 206 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.98 [0.42, 9.27]
2.9 AE Decreased energy 2   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.9.1 Infusion day 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.28 [0.30, 5.47]
2.9.2 at 1 week 2 126 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.17 [0.44, 3.13]
2.10 AE Decreased libido 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.10.1 48‐72 hours after last treatment 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.11 AE Depression 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.11.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.12 AE Diarrhea 3   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.12.1 Infusion day 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.07 [0.09, 12.37]
2.12.2 at 1 week 2 152 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.82 [0.18, 3.83]
2.12.3 at 4 weeks 1 99 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.24 [0.06, 26.93]
2.13 AE Difficulty swallowing 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.13.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.14 AE Dizziness 4   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.14.1 Infusion day 2 224 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.42 [1.44, 8.14]
2.14.2 at 1 week 4 283 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.05 [0.43, 2.56]
2.15 AE Dry mouth 4   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.15.1 Infusion day 2 152 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.10 [0.66, 6.70]
2.15.2 at 1 week 3 206 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.79 [0.22, 2.91]
2.15.3 48‐72 hours after last treatment 1 5 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.00 [0.08, 115.34]
2.16 AE Dry skin 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.16.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.16.2 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.17 AE Fatigue 4   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.17.1 Infusion day 2 152 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.29 [0.00, 22.84]
2.17.2 at 1 week 4 211 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.42 [0.62, 3.27]
2.18 AE General malaise 3   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.18.1 Infusion day 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.18 [0.04, 0.75]
2.18.2 at 1 week 3 131 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.90 [0.32, 11.44]
2.19 AE Insomnia 2   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.19.1 at 1 week 1 54 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.57 [0.43, 15.41]
2.19.2 at 4 weeks 1 99 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.24 [0.06, 26.93]
2.20 AE Headache 4   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.20.1 Infusion day 2 152 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.94 [0.19, 4.56]
2.20.2 at 1 week 3 206 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.85 [0.32, 2.29]
2.20.3 at 4 weeks 1 99 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 5.18 [0.29, 93.01]
2.21 AE Increased blood pressure or heart rate 2   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.21.1 at 1 week 1 54 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 9.37 [2.49, 35.25]
2.21.2 at 4 weeks 1 99 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.24 [0.06, 26.93]
2.22 AE Increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.22.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.23 AE Increased perspiration 2   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.23.1 Infusion day 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.86 [0.32, 25.91]
2.23.2 at 1 week 2 126 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.48 [0.23, 9.58]
2.24 AE Indigestion 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.24.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.25 AE Insomnia 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.25.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.26 AE Irritability 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.26.1 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.27 AE Itching 3   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.27.1 Infusion day 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.07 [0.09, 12.37]
2.27.2 at 1 week 2 126 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.54 [0.58, 21.59]
2.27.3 48‐72 hours after last treatment 1 5 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 8.33 [0.22, 320.38]
2.28 AE Loss of consciousness 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.28.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.29 AE Memory problems 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.29.1 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.30 AE Muscle/bone/joint pain 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.30.1 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.31 AE Nasal congestion 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.31.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.32 AE Nausea/vomiting 4   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.32.1 Infusion day 2 152 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.62 [1.13, 11.58]
2.32.2 at 1 week 2 126 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.57 [0.78, 8.52]
2.32.3 at 4 weeks 1 99 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 7.12 [0.40, 125.66]
2.33 AE Numbness 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.33.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.34 AE Pain in extremities 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.34.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.35 AE Palpitations 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.35.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.35.2 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.36 AE Poor concentration 3   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.36.1 Infusion day 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.94 [0.81, 19.27]
2.36.2 at 1 week 3 131 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.51 [0.18, 12.31]
2.37 AE Poor co‐ordination 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.37.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.37.2 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.38 AE Poor quality sleep 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.38.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.39 AE Rash 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.39.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.39.2 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.40 AE Reduced duration of sleep 2   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.40.1 48‐72 hours after last treatment 1 5 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.50 [0.01, 19.56]
2.40.2 at 1 week 1 80 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.33 [0.01, 8.22]
2.41 AE Restlessness 2   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.41.1 48‐72 hours after last treatment 1 5 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 3.00 [0.08, 115.34]
2.41.2 at 1 week 1 54 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 6.28 [0.29, 137.16]
2.42 AE Sensory disturbance 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.42.1 Infusion day 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.42.2 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.43 AE Sexual dysfunction 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.43.1 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.44 AE Sleepiness/drowsiness 2   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.44.1 Infusion day 1 80 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.21 [0.07, 0.66]
2.44.2 at 1 week 1 54 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.57 [0.43, 15.41]
2.45 AE Stomach or abdominal discomfort 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.45.1 at 1 week 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.46 AE Suicide attempt 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.46.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.47 AE Suicidal ideas 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.47.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.48 AE Tachycardia 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.48.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.49 AE Tinnitus 3   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.49.1 Infusion day 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.07 [0.09, 12.37]
2.49.2 at 1 week 2 126 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.99 [0.26, 3.73]
2.49.3 48‐72 hours after last treatment 1 5 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.00 [0.05, 78.25]
2.50 AE Tooth Abscess 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.50.1 at 4 weeks 1   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Totals not selected
2.51 AE Tremor 2   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.51.1 Infusion day 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 7.99 [0.43, 147.87]
2.51.2 at 1 week 2 126 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.14 [0.23, 5.74]
2.52 AE Urination issues 2   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.52.1 Infusion day 1 216 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Not estimable
2.52.2 at 1 week 2 126 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.19 [0.08, 63.59]
2.53 Remission rate 3   Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.53.1 at 24 hours 2 122 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.21 [0.67, 7.32]
2.53.2 at 72 hours 2 118 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.73 [0.74, 4.04]
2.53.3 at 1 week 2 126 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 1.86 [0.80, 4.32]
2.53.4 at 2 weeks 1 53 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 2.29 [0.76, 6.92]
2.53.5 at 4 weeks 1 5 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.50 [0.01, 19.56]
2.53.6 at 3 months 1 5 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) Not estimable
2.54 Depression rating scale score 4   Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) Subtotals only
2.54.1 at 24 hours 4 297 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.49 [‐0.87, ‐0.10]
2.54.2 at 72 hours 3 207 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.39 [‐0.70, ‐0.08]
2.54.3 at 1 week 3 212 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.38 [‐0.69, ‐0.08]
2.54.4 at 2 weeks 2 137 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.37 [‐0.84, 0.10]
2.54.5 at 4 weeks 1 86 Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐0.57 [‐1.10, ‐0.04]
2.55 Suicidal ideation composite 1 57 Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI) ‐1.32 [‐2.52, ‐0.12]
2.56 Acceptability 1 72 Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI) 0.33 [0.05, 2.09]