Table 2.
LncRNAs in cardiac regeneration*
| Name | Mechanism of action | Functional role | Mechanism | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CPR | guide | anti-proliferative | guides DNMT3A to methylate a CpG island in the Mcm3 promoter to inhibit Mcm3 expression | [82] |
| CARMEN | enhancer | promotes cardiac differentiation | exhibits cis-acting function and interacts with SUZ12 and EZH2 | [83] |
| CAREL | miRNA sponge | anti-proliferative | targets miR-296-3p to derepress expression of Trp53inp1 and Itm2a | [84] |
| CRRL | miRNA sponge | anti-proliferative | Sponges miR-199a-3p and restores Hopx expression | [86] |
| NR_045363 | miRNA sponge | anti-proliferative | functions as an ecRNA of miR-216a, which restored activity of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway | [87] |
| AZIN2-SV | miRNA sponge | anti-proliferative | Targets miR-214 to restore PTEN activity | [89,90] |
| protein modification regulator | anti-angiogenesis | Interacts with Tln1 and PSMC5 to activate the degradation of Tln1; miR-214/PTEN/Akt pathway | ||
| ECRAR | Protein modification regulator | pro-proliferative | directly interacts with ERK1/2 and promoted its phosphorylation | [97] |
| LncDACH1 | Protein modification regulator | anti-proliferative | Induces YAP1 phosphorylation and prevents its nuclear translocation via promoting PP1A dephosphorylation | [99] |
| Sirt1-AS | mRNA stability regulator | pro-proliferative | binds the 3’UTR of the Sirt1 mRNA to enhance messenger RNA stability and abundance | [102] |
| H19 | miRNA host-gene | pro-angiogenesis | releases miR-675 | [104,105] |
| Inc-CYP7A1-1 | unknown | pro-angiogenesis | upregulates the predicted target SYNE1 | [115] |
| MIAT | miRNA sponge | pro-fibrotic | sponges miR-24 | [117] |
| GAS5 | unknown | anti-fibrotic | Inhibits ALK5 | [121] |
| IncRNA ak139128 | unknown | anti-fibrotic | - | [122] |
*
Other reported miRNA sponge lncRNAs involved in CM proliferation, differentiation, and survival include lnc-NEAT1 (miR-193a, miR-142-3p, and miR-520a), lnc-TUG1 (miR-132-3p), and lnc-SNHG1 (miR-195) [91–95]. Lnc-SNHG1 was also reported to stimulate CM proliferation, enhance angiogenesis, and cardiac recovery after MI by directly binding PTEN and activating the PI3K-Akt pathway [96]. However, how lnc-SNHG1 impacts its protein partner PTEN remains unknown.