Table 3.
Effect of social isolation during adolescence on cognitive function and decision-making behaviors following re-socialization.
| Behavioral test | Species (strain) | Sex | Isolation period | Age of testing | Result (isolated vs. control) | Interpretation (effect of isolation) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rat gambling task | Rat (LH) | M | P21–43 | P84 | ↓ choice accuracy | ↓ instrumental learning | Baarendse et al. (2013) [54] |
| 5-CSRTT | ↑ premature responses (with ↑ task demands) | ↑ impulsive action | |||||
| Delayed reward task | No effect | No effect on impulsive choice | |||||
| Instrumental contingency degradation | Mouse (C57BL/6) | F | P31–60 | P82 | Insensitivity to changes in action-outcome contingency | Deferral to habitual behavior | Hinton et al. (2019) [56] |
| Outcome devaluation |
Insensitivity to changes in outcome value | ||||||
| Morris water maze | Rat (SD) | M | P21–35 | P56 | No effect | Intact spatial memory | Han et al. (2011) [53] |
| Morris water maze (reversal) | ↑ escape time ↑ distance travelled ↓ escape latency |
↓ flexible spatial memory | |||||
| Novel object recognition | Rat (W) | M | P30–40 | P42–64 | No effect | Intact working memory | Bator et al. (2018) [37] |
| Water T-maze | Mouse (FVB/N x C57BL/6) | M | P21–35 | P50 | Impaired acquisition (non-match to place) | Working memory deficit | Makinodan et al. (2012) [35] |
5-CSRTT: 5-choice serial reaction time task; F: female; LH: Lister Hooded; M: male; P: Postnatal day; SD: Sprague Dawley; W: Wistar.