Table 4.
Long-term neurobiological effects of social isolation during adolescence.
| Reference | Species, Strain | Sex | Isolation period | Age at testing | Analysis method (PFC region) | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bator et al. (2018) [37] | Rat (W) | M | P30–40 | P45–48 | WB (mPFC) | ↑ GAD65 ↑ cell surface GAD65 ↓ GAD67 |
| P70–75 | No effect on GAD65 or GAD67 | |||||
| Leussis & Andersen (2008) [43] | Rat (SD) | M+F | P30–35 | P36–38 | WB (IL) | ↓ spinophilin ↓ synaptophysin No effect on TH |
| Leussis et al. (2008) [80] | Rat (SD) | M | P21–35 | P60 | WB (IL, Cg1, Cg3) | ↓ synaptophysin |
| Hinton et al. (2019) [56] | Mouse (C57BL/6) | F | P31–60 | P82 | IHC (OFC, Cg1) | ↓ CNPase levels |
| IHC (OFC) | ↑ PSD-95 puncta | |||||
| WB (OFC) | ↑ PSD-95 levels | |||||
| Mackowiak et al. (2019) [100] | Rat (W) | M | P30–40 | P46–47 | WB (mPFC) | ↑ PV levels |
| P70–71 | ↓ PV levels | |||||
| Pascual et al. (2006) [40] | Rat (SD) | M | P18–32 | P62 | IHC (mPFC) | ↑ VIPergic neurons |
| Han et al. (2011) [53] | Rat (SD) | M | P21–35 | P56 | IHC (mPFC) | ↑ BDNF+ neurons |
| Makinodan et al. (2012) [35] | Mouse (FVB/N x C57BL/6) | M | P21–35 | P65 | Stereology (mPFC L5–6) | ↓ OL process length ↓ OL arborization No effect on OL number |
| qRT-PCR (mPFC L5–6) | ↓ Mbp mRNA ↓ Mag mRNA |
|||||
| Makinodan et al. (2017) [109] | Mouse (C57BL/6) | M | P21–35 | P65 | TEM (mPFC L5) | ↓ myelin thickness |
| Leussis & Andersen (2008) [43] | Rat (SD) | M | P30–35 | P36–38 | WB (Cg3) | ↓ MBP |
| Pascual et al. (2006) [40] | Rat (SD) | M | P18–32 | P62 | Golgi staining (mPFC) | ↓ dendritic processes ↓ dendritic arborization |
| Hinton et al. (2019) [56] | Mouse (C57BL/6) | F | P31–60 | P82 | Stereology (mPFC L5) | ↑ dendritic spine density ↑ “spine rich” dendrites |
| Makinodan et al. (2017) [109] | Mouse (C57BL/6) | M | P21–35 | P65 | qRT-PCR (mPFC) | ↓ c-Fos mRNA ↓ Arc mRNA ↓ Npas4 mRNA |
| Makinodan et al. (2017) [109] | Mouse (C57BL/6) | M | P21–35 | P65 | EEG (mPFC L5–6) | ↓ γ-oscillation power ↑ β-oscillation power |
| Baarendse et al. (2013) [54] | Rat (LE) | M | P21–43 | P84 | Ex vivo patch clamp (mPFC L5) | No effect on membrane properties (RMP, rheobase, input resistance) |
| Absent dopamine receptor modulation of EPSCs |
CNPase: 2’,3’-Cyclic-nucleotide 3’-phosphodiesterase; EPSC: excitatory post-synaptic current; EEG: electroencephalogram; F: female; IHC: immunohistochemistry; L5: layer 5; L5–6 layer 5–6; LE: Long-Evans; LH: Lister Hooded; M: male; MAG: myelin associated glycoprotein; MBP: myelin basic protein; OL: oligodendrocyte; P: Postnatal day; PV: parvalbumin; RMP: resting membrane potential; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription PCR; SD: Sprague Dawley; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; VIP: vasopressin intestinal peptide; W: Wistar; WB: western blot.