Table 1:
3D cephalometric landmarks, reference planes and measurements of the maxilla and defect
| Items | Definition |
|---|---|
| Landmarks | |
| N | Intersection of internasal suture with nasofrontal suture |
| S | Midpoint of sella turcica |
| ANS | Most anterior point of anterior nasal spine |
| PNS | Most posterior point of posterior nasal spine |
| Po | Uppermost point on bony external auditory meatus |
| Sm | Superior most extent of the maxilla |
| Or | Lowest point on infraorbital edge |
| Lap | Most lateral points on the nasal aperture |
| J | Intersection of the outline of the tuberosity of the maxilla and zygomatic buttress |
| Mt | Posterior most extent of the maxillary tuberosity |
| Am | Posterior most extent of the anterior contour of the maxilla |
| Spc | Midpoint of labial alveolar crest of maxillary canine (No missing canine was observed in all subjects) |
| Spm | Midpoint of buccal alveolar crest of maxillary first molar |
| Aa | Most inferior anterior point of alveolar crest |
| Reference planes | |
| Horizontal plane (FH plane) | Plane that passes through the bilateral Po and Or on the non-defect side |
| Midsagittal plane (MS plane) | Plane perpendicular to the FH plane passing through the N and S |
| Coronal plane (CR plane) | Plane perpendicular to the FH and MS plane passing through the N |
| Measurements | |
| Maxillay lengh (Lmax) | Sagittal distance from Am to Mt |
| Maxillary anterior width (AntWmax) | Transverse distance from Lap to the MS plane |
| Maxillary posterior width (PosWmax) | Transverse distance from J to the MS plane |
| Maxillary anterior height (AntHmax) | Vertical distance from Or to ANS |
| Maxillary posterior height (PosHmax) | Vertical distance from Sm to PNS |
| Maxillary volume (Vmax) | Volume of the segmented individual maxilla |
| Alveolar lengh (Lalv) | Maximum sagittal distance from Aa to Mt |
| Alveolar anterior width (AntWalv) | Transverse distance from Spc to the MS plane |
| Alveolar posterior width (PosWalv) | Transverse distance from Spm to the MS plane |
| Alveolar anterior height (AntHalv) | Vertical distance from Spc to ANS |
| Alveolar posterior height (PosHalv) | Vertical distance from Spm to PNS |
| Defect length (Ldef) | Maximum Sagittal distance of the defect |
| Defect width (Wdef) | Maximum transverse distance of the defect |
| Defect height (Hdef) | Maximum vertical distance of the defect |
| Defect volume (Vdef) | Volume of the segmented defect |