Table 1.
Population characteristics
| Author/s and year | Location | Participants and gender | Mean age (years) | Course | Enrolment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barbosa et al. (2013) | USA |
Experimental: Female: n = 12 (72.3%) Male: n = 1 (27.7%) Control: Female: n = 14 (93.3%) Male: n = 1 (6.7%) |
X = 26.6 |
Experimental group: 2 Podiatric medicine 3 Physician assistant 3 Physical therapy 2 Occupational therapy 3 Nursing Control group: 5 Podiatric medicine 2 Physician assistant 4 Physical therapy 3 Occupational therapy 1 Nursing |
Postgraduate |
| Beck et al. (2017) | USA |
Experimental: n = 20 Control: n = 17 Female (100%) |
X = 21.16 |
Undergraduate Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) Graduate speech language pathology (SLP) program |
Experimental: - 9 postgraduate students - 11 undergraduates (7 seniors, 1 junior, 1 sophomore, 2 freshmen) Control: - 9 postgraduate students - 8 undergraduates (3 seniors, 2 juniors, 3 freshmen) |
| Burgstahler and Stenson (2019) | USA |
Cohort Females: n = 48 (71.6%) Males: n = 19 (28.4%) |
X = 20.0 | Pre-healthcare | Undergraduate |
| Call et al. (2014) | USA |
Hatha yoga: Female: n = 29 MBSR body scan: Female: n = 27 Female (100%) |
X = 22.73 | Introductory and advanced psychology | Undergraduate |
| de Vibe et al. (2013) | Norway |
Female: n = 219 (76.0%) Male: n = 69 (24.0%) |
X = 24 | Medicine and psychology | Unknown course level |
| Dyrbye et al. (2017) | USA |
Cohort 1: Female: n = 28 (58.3%) Male: n = 20 (41.7%) Cohort 2: Female: n = 26 (55.3%) Male: n = 21 (44.7%) |
Mode < 25 | Medicine |
Postgraduate - First year (across two cohorts) |
| Erogul et al. (2014) | USA |
Experimental: Female: n = 14 (46.7%) Male: n = 16 (53.3%) Control: Female: n = 12 (42.9%) Male: n = 16 (57.1%) |
X = 23.5 | Medicine |
Postgraduate - First year |
| Greeson et al. (2015) | USA |
Female: n = 29 (66.6%) Male: n = 15 (33.4%) |
Not stated | Medicine and scientific physicians (MD/PhD) |
Postgraduate - First year: 33 - Second year: 1 - Third year: 3 - Fourth year: 5 MD/PhD: 2 |
| Hassed et al. (2009) | Australia |
Female: n = 85 (57.4%) Male: n = 63 (42.6%) |
X = 18.77 | Medicine | Undergraduate |
| Kang et al. (2009) | Korea | Female: n = 21 (100% female) |
Experimental: X = 22.69 Control: X = 22.25 |
Nursing |
Unknown course level Juniors and seniors |
| Kuhlmann et al. (2016) | Germany |
Female: n = 67 (88.8%) Male: n = 13 (11.2%) |
X = 23.39 | Medicine and dentistry | Unknown course level |
| Lemay et al. (2019) | USA |
Female: n = 13 (76.5%) Male: n = 4 (23.5%) |
X = 20.17 |
Doctor of Pharmacy = 9 Other courses with ‘less rigourous demands’: 8 |
Post-graduate for Pharmacy students (experimental) Undergraduate for others (comparison) – both received intervention |
| Neto et al. (2020) | Brazil |
Female: n = 71 (50.4%) Male: n = 70 (49.6%) |
Experimenta:l X = 18.87 Control: M = 19.07 |
Medicine | Undergraduate |
| Newsome et al. (2012) | USA |
Female: n = 27 (87.1%) Male: n = 4 (12.9%) |
X = 29.26 | Helping professions (e.g. counselling, psychology, education, family-child science, nursing, sociology, communications, government, and physical therapy) |
Postgraduate 12 Undergraduate 19 |
| Phang et al. (2016) | Malaysia |
Females: n = 84 (62.2%) Males: n = 51 (37.8%) |
X = 22.23 | Medicine | Unknown course level |
| Phang et al. (2015) | Malaysia |
Experimental: Female n = 26 (70.3%) Male: n = 11 (29.7%) Control: Female: n = 31 (81.6%) Male: n = 7 (18.4%) |
X = 21.4 | Medicine |
Unknown course level Year one to three of studies |
| Rimes and Wingrove (2011) | UK | Female: n = 20 (100% female) | Not stated | Clinical psychology |
Postgraduate Trainees participating in doctoral training course - First year: 9 - Second year: 6 - Third year: 5 |
| Roulston et al. (2018) | UK |
Experimental: Female: n = 14 (93.3%) Male: n = 1 (6.7%) Control: Female: n = 11 (73.3%) Male: n = 4 (26.7%) |
X = 29 | Social work | Undergraduate |
| Shearer et al. (2016) | Korea |
Female: n = 42 (56.8%) Male: n = 32 (43.2%) |
Not stated | Psychology | Undergraduate |
| Song and Lindquist (2015) | USA |
Experimental: Female: n = 17 (81.0%) Male: n = 4 (19.0%) Control: Female: n = 19 (82.6%) Male: n = 4 (17.4%) |
X = 19 | Nursing | Undergraduate |
| Spadaro and Hunker (2016) | USA |
n = 26 Gender not stated |
Not stated | Nursing |
Postgraduate Undergraduate |
| Szuster et al. (2020) | USA |
n = 15 Gender not stated |
Not stated | Medicine | Postgraduate |
| van Dijk et al. (2017) | Netherlands |
Experimental: Female: n = 60 (83.3%) Male: n = 12 (16.7%) Control: Female: n = 71 (83.5%) Male: n = 14 (16.5%) |
Experimental: X = 23.7 Control: X = 23.3 |
Medicine | Undergraduate |
| Warnecke et al. (2011) | Australia |
Experimental: Female: n = 23 (74.2%) Male: n = 8 (25.8%) Control: Female: n = 19 (55.9%) Male: n = 15 (44.1%) |
X = 23.92 | Medicine |
Unknown course level - Final 2 years |