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. 2021 Sep 11;43(5):2265–2287. doi: 10.1007/s11357-021-00451-w

Table 3.

Definition of cause of death categories of deceased infected with SARS-CoV-2

Category
Definition
1st Category:
  Direct cause of death Severe COVID-19 pneumonia: DAD, ARDS, pulmonary intravascular and intraalveolar fibrin coagulation
  Strong association with COVID-19 Co-morbidities: not severe
2nd Category
  Direct cause of death Severe pre-existing conditions
  Contributive association with COVID-19 COVID-19 pneumonia as co-morbidity
3rd Category
  Direct cause of death Other causes of death, unrelated to SARS-CoV-2 infection
  Weak association with COVID-19 No COVID-19 pneumonia

Based on COVID-19 Guidelines for death certification and coding (WHO [30]), Edler et al. [10], DAD diffuse alveolar damage, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome