Construct	Item		References
Environmental Threat	EA1	Human beings create traffic jams, carbon emissions, and noise.	[49]
	EA2	Human beings rise the problem of climate change
	EA3	The emissions of the transportation system pollute the air.
Perceived Health Risk	PHR1	There is a big opportunity that I will be infected by the coronavirus (COVID-19)	[101,102]
	PHR2	One of my family members was infected by the coronavirus (COVID-19).
	PHR3	I am worried about getting infected by the coronavirus (COVID-19).
	PHR4	I have a higher risk of getting infected by the coronavirus (COVID-19).
E-learning motivation	ELM1	I participate in virtual and remote laboratories because learning is significant to me.	[51]
	ELM2	I participate in virtual and remote laboratories because I think that e-learning will help me to enhance my academic competence.
	ELM3	I participate in virtual and remote laboratories because I understand that I have to refresh my information to enhance my academic practice.
	ELM4	I engage in the conversation in the virtual and remote laboratory forum because I know that I am being evaluated
Perceived Information-Sharing	PIS1	I need to use the e-learning system to share information with my classmates.	[76]
	PIS2	I need to use the e-learning system to transfer documents to my classmates.
	PIS3	I need to communicate with my classmates through virtual and remote laboratories in coordinating my study.
	PIS4	I need to use virtual and remote laboratories to share information with my instructors.
Social Distancing	SD1	I encourage rescheduling, delaying, or avoiding public meetings to support social distance.	[103]
	SD2	I support the remote conferences, as a replacement to a face-to-face gathering.
	SD3	I avoid events with large numbers of people or crowds.
Perceived Security	PS1	Using virtual and remote laboratories is secure	[104]
	PS2	Security aspect influences using e-learning systems.
	PS3	E-learning provides safe interaction to protect all communications among the participants.
	PS4	Virtual and remote laboratories provide the latest encryption technology to prevent unauthorized intrusion.
	PS5	Virtual and remote laboratories provide firewall protection to restrict illegal interference.
Benefits	BN1	Using virtual and remote laboratories has increased my knowledge.	[87]
	BN2	Virtual and remote laboratories are very efficient academic strategies and have aided me to enhance my education procedure.
	BN3	Virtual and remote laboratories make the interaction simpler between the educator and learners.
	BN4	Virtual and remote laboratories save my time in finding resources and reduce costs.
	BN5	Virtual and remote laboratories have aided me to reach my educational aims.