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. 2021 Jul 24;63:63–67. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.07.010

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© 2021 The Author(s)

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig 1 — Daily per-capita COVID-19 cases (a) and deaths (b) and cumulative per-capita COVID-19 cases (c) and deaths (d) by neighbourhood-level proportion of essential workers in Toronto, Canada (January 23, 2020 to January 24, 2021). The daily per-capita rate is depicted as a 7-day rolling average. Stratum 1 represents neighbourhoods with the smallest proportion of the population working in essential services, while stratum 3 represents neighbourhoods with the highest proportion of essential workers. Cases and deaths do not include residents of long-term care homes (LTCH). Essential services include: health, trades, transport, equipment, manufacturing, utilities, sales, services, and agriculture. In Fig. 1A and B, closure of nonessential workplaces are indicated by: (a) start of the first shelter-in-place mandate on March 17, 2020 to (b) the re-opening of the province on May 18, 2020; (c) the start of the second-major restriction on November 23; and (d) the start of a more stringent shelter-in-place mandate on December 26, 2020. By the end of the study period, cumulative rates of cases per 100,000 population were 1332, 2495, and 4355 in strata 1, 2, and 3, respectively; and cumulative rates of COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population were 49, 81, and 123 in strata 1, 2, and 3, respectively.