Table 1.
Comparison of the baseline characteristics between the controlled HTN and MUCH groups
| Characteristic | Controlled HTN (n = 465) | Masked uncontrolled HTN (n = 389) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 241 (51.8) | 236 (60.7) | 0.012 |
| Age, yr | 61.1 ± 11.6 | 60.2 ± 12.9 | 0.268 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 ± 3.3 | 25.0 ± 3.3 | 0.047 |
| WC, cm | 89.6 ± 9.0 | 91.0 ± 9.0 | 0.021 |
| Exercise | 0.597 | ||
| None | 212 (45.6) | 182 (46.8) | |
| 1 time/week | 32 (6.9) | 30 (7.7) | |
| 2 times/week | 44 (9.5) | 33 (8.5) | |
| 3 times/week | 53 (11.4) | 37 (9.5) | |
| 4 times/week | 23 (4.9) | 29 (7.5) | |
| ≥ 5 times/week | 101 (21.7) | 78 (20.1) | |
| Exercise ≥ 3 times/week | 177 (38.1) | 144 (37.0) | 0.808 |
| Smoking | 0.405 | ||
| Never | 285 (61.3) | 225 (57.8) | |
| Former | 139 (29.9) | 120 (30.8) | |
| Current | 41 (8.8) | 44 (11.3) | |
| Alcohol | 0.004 | ||
| Never | 119 (25.6) | 100 (25.7) | |
| Former | 245 (52.7) | 168 (43.2) | |
| Current | 101 (21.7) | 121 (31.1) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension | 349 (75.1) | 296 (76.1) | 0.786 |
| Diabetes | 121 (26.0) | 115 (29.6) | 0.282 |
| Dyslipidemia | 119 (25.6) | 114 (29.3) | 0.256 |
| Stroke | 26 (5.6) | 45 (11.6) | 0.002 |
| Myocardial infarction | 62 (13.3) | 45 (11.6) | 0.501 |
| Heart failurea | 40 (8.6) | 30 (7.7) | 0.729 |
| Malignancy | 23 (4.9) | 19 (4.9) | 1.000 |
| Family history | |||
| Hypertension | 208 (44.7) | 181 (46.5) | 0.648 |
| Diabetes | 94 (20.2) | 79 (20.3) | 1.000 |
| CV death | 15 (3.2) | 13 (3.3) | 1.000 |
| Medications | |||
| Antiplatelet agentb | 292 (63.2) | 233 (59.9) | 0.323 |
| Statin | 224 (48.2) | 169 (43.4) | 0.190 |
| ACEI | 41 (8.8) | 39 (10.0) | 0.627 |
| ARB | 289 (62.2) | 209 (53.7) | 0.016 |
| CCB | 226 (48.6) | 197 (50.6) | 0.599 |
| Beta-blocker | 208 (44.7) | 149 (38.3) | 0.068 |
| Diuretics | 90 (19.4) | 63 (16.2) | 0.267 |
| Other antihypertensive | 47 (10.1) | 30 (7.7) | 0.273 |
| No. of antihypertensive drugs | 0.009 | ||
| 1 | 172 (37.0) | 186 (47.8) | |
| 2 | 180 (38.7) | 133 (34.2) | |
| ≥ 3 | 113 (24.3) | 70 (18.0) | |
| Office BP | |||
| Office SBP, mmHg | 119.7 ± 9.7 | 129.3 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
| Office DBP, mmHg | 73.6 ± 7.6 | 78.7 ± 7.3 | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 71.5 ± 11.1 | 72.7 ± 10.4 | 0.096 |
| Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring | |||
| 24-hour mean SBP, mmHg | 118.0 ± 7.0 | 134.9 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
| 24-hour mean DBP, mmHg | 72.2 ± 5.1 | 82.1 ± 6.8 | < 0.001 |
| Daytime mean SBP, mmHg | 121.0 ± 8.0 | 137.6 ± 9.0 | < 0.001 |
| Daytime mean DBP, mmHg | 74.3 ± 5.7 | 84.1 ± 7.3 | < 0.001 |
| Nighttime mean SBP, mmHg | 109.6 ± 10.5 | 126.6 ± 13.7 | < 0.001 |
| Nighttime mean DBP, mmHg | 66.3 ± 6.9 | 76.2 ± 8.7 | < 0.001 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Ejection fraction | 59.1 ± 7.1 | 58.8 ± 6.8 | 0.514 |
| LVMI (BSA), g/m2 | 96.5 ± 25.0 | 102.3 ± 23.2 | 0.001 |
| Laboratory tests | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.4 ± 1.7 | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 0.384 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 119 (87–152) | 118 (85–159) | 0.983 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 167.6 ± 40.8 | 173.3 ± 40.7 | 0.041 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 46.0 ± 11.0 | 46.0 ± 11.8 | 0.938 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 96.6 ± 35.3 | 100.7 ± 32.7 | 0.085 |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 81.9 ± 20.5 | 83.3 ± 21.0 | 0.316 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 110.6 ± 26.9 | 109.9 ± 27.5 | 0.703 |
| HgA1c, % | 6.1 ± 0.9 | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 0.499 |
Values are presented as number (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).
HTN, hypertension; MUCH, masked uncontrolled hypertension; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; CV, cardiovascular; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; BP, blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; BSA, body surface area; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; HgA1c, hemoglobin A1c.
Heart failure was defined as the composite of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, moderate to severe valve dysfunction, and ejection fraction < 40%.
Antiplatelet agents including aspirin, clopidogrel, and a new P2Y12 inhibitor.