Table 2.
Prevalence of MUCH in various clinical settings
| Variable | No. | MUCH | % (95% CI) | OR (95% CI), p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 854 | 389 | 44.1 (40.8–47.5) | |
| Office SBP | ||||
| < 120 mmHg | 251 | 41 | 16.3 (11.8–20.9) | Referenceb |
| 120–129 mmHg | 286 | 100 | 35.0 (29.4–40.5) | 2.75 (1.82–4.16), < 0.001 |
| 130–139 mmHg | 317 | 248 | 78.2 (73.7–82.8) | 18.4 (12.0–28.2), < 0.001 |
| Office DBP | ||||
| < 80 mmHg | 536 | 174 | 32.5 (28.5–36.4) | Reference |
| 80–84 mmHg | 203 | 132 | 65.0 (58.5–71.6) | 3.87 (2.75–5.44), < 0.001 |
| 85–89 mmHg | 115 | 83 | 72.2 (64.0–80.4) | 5.40 (3.45–8.43), < 0.001 |
| No. of antihypertensive drugs | ||||
| ≥ 3 | 183 | 70 | 38.3 (31.2–45.3) | Reference |
| 2 | 313 | 133 | 42.5 (37.0–48.0) | 1.29 (0.88–1.88), 0.183 |
| 1 | 358 | 186 | 52.0 (46.8–57.1) | 1.71 (1.71–2.48), 0.005 |
| History of stroke | ||||
| No | 783 | 344 | 43.9 (40.5–47.4) | Reference |
| Yes | 71 | 45 | 63.4 (52.2–74.6) | 2.21 (1.34–3.65), 0.002 |
| Dyslipidemia | ||||
| No | 621 | 275 | 44.3 (40.4–48.2) | Reference |
| Yes | 233 | 114 | 48.9 (42.5–55.3) | 1.21 (0.89–1.63), 0.225 |
| HR ≥ 75 beats/mina | ||||
| No | 369 | 154 | 41.7 (36.7–46.8) | Reference |
| Yes | 486 | 235 | 48.5 (44.0–52.9) | 1.41 (1.06–1.86), 0.017 |
| BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | ||||
| No | 475 | 201 | 42.3 (37.9–46.8) | Reference |
| Yes | 379 | 188 | 49.6 (44.6–54.6) | 1.34 (1.02–1.76), 0.034 |
| WC ≥ 90 cm for men, ≥ 85 cm for women | ||||
| No | 329 | 135 | 41.0 (35.7–46.3) | Reference |
| Yes | 525 | 254 | 48.4 (44.1–52.7) | 1.35 (1.02–1.78), 0.036 |
| LVHa | ||||
| No | 569 | 240 | 42.2 (38.1–46.2) | Reference |
| Yes | 285 | 149 | 52.3 (46.5–58.1) | 1.50 (1.13–2.00),0.005 |
| Current alcohol intake | ||||
| No | 632 | 268 | 42.4 (38.6–46.3) | Reference |
| Yes | 222 | 121 | 54.5 (48.0–61.1) | 1.63 (1.20–2.21), 0.002 |
| Antiplatelet agent | ||||
| No | 405 | 182 | 44.9 (40.1–49.8) | Reference |
| Yes | 449 | 207 | 46.1 (41.5–50.7) | 1.05 (0.80–1.37), 0.733 |
| Current smoking | ||||
| No | 769 | 345 | 44.9 (41.3–48.4) | Reference |
| Yes | 85 | 44 | 51.8 (41.1–62.4) | 1.32 (0.84–2.07), 0.227 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 377 | 153 | 40.6 (35.6–45.5) | Reference |
| Male | 477 | 236 | 49.5 (45.0–54.0) | 1.43 (1.09–1.88),0.010 |
| Age ≥ 50 yearsa | ||||
| No | 141 | 70 | 49.6 (41.4–57.9) | Reference |
| Yes | 713 | 319 | 44.7 (41.1–48.4) | 0.82 (0.57–1.18), 0.286 |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 618 | 274 | 44.3 (40.4–48.3) | Reference |
| Yes | 236 | 115 | 48.7 (42.4–55.1) | 1.19 (0.88–1.61), 0.249 |
MUCH, masked uncontrolled hypertension; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.
a
Cut-off values of the continuous variables were determined using univariate logistic regression models with a restrictive cubic spline fit for the variables.
b
Categories used as references.