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. 2021 Aug 30;9:733753. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.733753

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Copyright © 2021 Kerckhof, Sakarika, Van Giel, Muys, Vermeir, De Vrieze, Vlaeminck, Rabaey and Boon.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The gas clearance concept for microbial protein production. Organic waste is anaerobically digested to produce methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), while ammonia (NH₃) is recovered through stripping. Next, hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂) are produced from water electrolysis using renewable energy, and both are supplemented in the bioreactor for microbial protein production, along with the required nutrients. After the necessary downstream processing, the microbial protein can be used as food or feed (additive).