Table 3.

Movements of the thoracic spine on the sagittal plane.

	Inspiration		Exhalation		ROM		Wilcoxon signed-rank test
	Mean ± SD	Range	Mean ± SD	Range	Mean ± SD	Range	Z	p
T1–T12 kyphosis (degrees)	36.8 ± 7.3	25–50	52.6 ± 7.6	37–66	15.9 ± 4.6	9–27	−5,513	0.000
Upper hemicurve (degrees)	15.8 ± 4.8	10–28	21.9 ± 5.0	11–34	6.1 ± 3.3	0–15	−5,096	0.000
Lower hemicurve (degrees)	21.0 ± 5.0	11–29	30.8 ± 5.2	22–45	10.2 ± 4.0	5–22	−5,449	0.000
Apex level	5.4 ± 1.1	3–7	6.7 ± 1.0	4–8	1.3 ± 0.5	1–3	−5,742	0.000
T12 angle h (degrees)	21.2 ± 6.7	8–34	24.5 ± 6.2	11–36	3.6 ± 2.9	0–10	−4,683	0.000
T1 angle h (degrees)	15.4 ± 6.6	6–28	26.1 ± 6.8	15–39	11.1 ± 4.8	1–22	−5,446	0.000
T1–T12 centroid (mm)	293.1 ± 24.7	245–341	281.9 ± 24.8	228–336	13.2 ± 2.9	6–18	−4,822	0.000
T1–T12 line angle (degrees)	22.9 ± 6.4	11–37	41.4 ± 8.3	24–57	18.5 ± 6.1	4–29	−5,514	0.000