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TGFβ signaling is activated in the primary tumor associated with metastasis and the metastatic niche. (A) Representative IHC staining of TGFβ1, p-SMAD3, and αSMA in lungs from mice with or without micrometastasis at 4–5 weeks after B931 cell flank transplantation. Scale bar: 100 μm. (B) Quantification of TGFβ1, p-SMAD3, and αSMA in lungs with or without B931 micrometastasis. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
