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. 2021 Aug 30;12:720874. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.720874

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Copyright © 2021 Wang, Guo, Zheng, Yu, Hou and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of hypotheses in MR design. Three different assumptions are represented by three paths. Assumption 1: SNPs robustly predict T2DM. Assumption 2: No potential confounders affect infections (sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and genito-urinary infection in pregnancy). Assumption 3: SNPs impact the abovementioned infections only through T2DM. MR, Mendelian randomization; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. Red cross mark in assumption 2 means that genetic variants are not related to known or unknown confounder factors and in assumption 3 it means that genetic variants would have an influence on the outcome (infections) only through exposure (T2DM), not through other pathways.