FIGURE 5.

LA defibrillation attempts with E_e = 0.05 mW/mm² in model A01 for all three opsins. The control case (A) is compared to endocardial illumination of ChR2- (B), ChR2-RED- (C), or GtACR1- (D) expressing models. Arrows indicate wavefront propagation directions. Double lines show sites of conduction block. Representative V_m(t) traces are shown from endocardial (red line) and epicardial (blue line) nodes at the same point on the LA posterior wall (green dot); shaded regions in rows (B–D) indicate illumination intervals. All illumination begins at t = 0 ms and lasts 1000 ms.