Table 1.
Baseline characters of the associations between UA levels and the risk of having stroke.
| Author | Year | Location | Baseline age | Follow-up (year) | Sample size (n) | Stroke type | Sex | Case (n) | Uric acid levels (μmol/L) | HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sakata | 2001 | Japan | ≥30 | 14 | 8,172 | Total stroke | M | 94 | 297–338 | 0.84 (0.45–1.59) |
| Sakata | 2001 | Japan | ≥30 | 14 | 8,172 | Total stroke | M | 94 | 339–385 | 0.66 (0.33–1.33) |
| Sakata | 2001 | Japan | ≥30 | 14 | 8,172 | Total stroke | M | 94 | ≥386 | 1.71 (0.92–3.17) |
| Sakata | 2001 | Japan | ≥30 | 14 | 8,172 | Total stroke | F | 80 | 214–248 | 1.40 (0.54–3.63) |
| Sakata | 2001 | Japan | ≥30 | 14 | 8,172 | Total stroke | F | 80 | 249–290 | 0.95 (0.37–2.45) |
| Sakata | 2001 | Japan | ≥30 | 14 | 8,172 | Total stroke | F | 80 | ≥291 | 1.12 (0.46–2.74) |
| Chien | 2005 | China | >35 | 11 | 3,602 | Total stroke | M | 155 | Per unit | 1.13 (0.88–1.46) |
| Chien | 2005 | China | >35 | 11 | 3,602 | Total stroke | F | 155 | Per unit | 1.32 (1.01–1.73) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | Total stroke | M | 132 | 310–375 | 1.78 (1.16–2.74) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | Total stroke | M | 132 | ≥375 | 1.41 (0.90–2.23) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | Total stroke | M | 132 | Per unit | 1.15 (0.95–1.38) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | Total stroke | F | 249 | 263–321 | 1.45 (1.05–2.02) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | Total stroke | F | 249 | ≥321 | 1.45 (1.05–2.01) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | Total stroke | F | 249 | Per unit | 1.18 (1.05–1.34) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | IS | M | 73 | 310–375 | 1.57 (0.88–2.79) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | IS | M | 73 | ≥375 | 1.36 (0.74–2.48) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | IS | M | 73 | Per unit | 1.18 (0.92–1.51) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | IS | F | 132 | 263–321 | 1.44 (0.91–2.27) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | IS | F | 132 | ≥321 | 1.68 (1.08–2.62) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | IS | F | 132 | Per unit | 1.26 (1.07–1.49) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | HS | M | 16 | 310–375 | 1.23 (0.38–4.04) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | HS | M | 16 | ≥375 | 1.11 (0.32–3.83) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | HS | M | 16 | Per unit | 0.97 (0.55–1.70) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | HS | F | 30 | 263–321 | 1.22 (0.48–3.10) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | HS | F | 30 | ≥321 | 1.32 (0.53–3.26) |
| Bos | 2006 | Netherlands | ≥55 | 8.4 | 4,385 | HS | F | 30 | Per unit | 1.23 (0.87–1.74) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | Total stroke | M | 292 | ≤238 | 1.52 (1.04–2.23) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | Total stroke | M | 292 | 238–267 | 1.46 (1.00–2.12) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | Total stroke | M | 292 | 298–333 | 1.25 (0.85–1.84) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | Total stroke | M | 292 | ≥333 | 1.20 (0.81–1.78) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | IS | M | 292 | ≤238 | 1.34 (0.87–2.05) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | IS | M | 292 | 238–267 | 1.33 (0.89–2.01) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | IS | M | 292 | 298–333 | 1.21 (0.81–1.82) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | IS | M | 292 | ≥333 | 1.15 (0.75–1.74) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | HS | M | 292 | ≤238 | 3.27 (1.14–9.33) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | HS | M | 292 | 238–267 | 2.52 (0.87–7.29) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | HS | M | 292 | 298–333 | 1.55 (0.49–4.89) |
| Gerber | 2006 | Israel | ≥40 | 23 | 9,125 | HS | M | 292 | ≥333 | 1.62 (0.51–5.18) |
| Hozawa | 2006 | USA | 45–64 | 12.6 | 11,263 | IS | All | 381 | 286–351 | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) |
| Hozawa | 2006 | USA | 45–64 | 12.6 | 11,263 | IS | All | 381 | 351–411 | 1.09 (0.79–1.49) |
| Hozawa | 2006 | USA | 45–64 | 12.6 | 11,263 | IS | All | 381 | ≥411 | 1.25 (0.91–1.73) |
| Hozawa | 2006 | USA | 45–64 | 12.6 | 11,263 | IS | M | 149 | 286–351 | 1.01 (0.48–2.13) |
| Hozawa | 2006 | USA | 45–64 | 12.6 | 11,263 | IS | M | 149 | 351–411 | 1.30 (0.67–2.53) |
| Hozawa | 2006 | USA | 45–64 | 12.6 | 11,263 | IS | M | 149 | ≥411 | 1.63 (0.83–3.19) |
| Hozawa | 2006 | USA | 45–64 | 12.6 | 11,263 | IS | F | 118 | 286–351 | 0.85 (0.51–1.41) |
| Hozawa | 2006 | USA | 45–64 | 12.6 | 11,263 | IS | F | 118 | 351–411 | 1.22 (0.75–1.99) |
| Hozawa | 2006 | USA | 45–64 | 12.6 | 11,263 | IS | F | 118 | ≥411 | 1.27 (0.70–2.30) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | Total stroke | F | 1,552 | 220–268 | 1.25 (0.99–1.57) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | Total stroke | F | 1,552 | 268–322 | 1.48 (1.18–1.86) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | Total stroke | F | 1,552 | ≥322 | 1.37 (1.09–1.74) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | Total stroke | F | 1,552 | Per unit | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | HS | F | 228 | 220–268 | 1.14 (0.65–2.01) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | HS | F | 228 | 268–322 | 1.47 (0.83–2.52) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | HS | F | 228 | ≥322 | 1.29 (0.71–2.4) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | HS | F | 228 | Per unit | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | IS | F | 422 | 220–268 | 1.33 (0.97–1.83) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | IS | F | 422 | 268–322 | 1.66 (1.22–2.26) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | IS | F | 422 | ≥322 | 1.53 (1.11–2.09) |
| Strasak1 | 2008 | Austria | 62.3 | 15.2 | 28,613 | IS | F | 422 | Per unit | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | Total stroke | M | 645 | 273.82–315.48 | 1.00 (0.76–1.30) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | Total stroke | M | 645 | 315.49–351.19 | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | Total stroke | M | 645 | 351.2–398.81 | 1.02 (0.78–1.34) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | Total stroke | M | 645 | >398.81 | 1.59 (1.23–2.04) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | Total stroke | M | 645 | Per unit | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | HS | M | 147 | 273.82–315.48 | 1.02 (0.60–1.72) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | HS | M | 147 | 315.49–351.19 | 0.89 (0.51–1.57) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | HS | M | 147 | 351.2–398.81 | 0.92 (0.53–1.60) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | HS | M | 147 | >398.81 | 1.18 (0.70–2.01) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | HS | M | 147 | Per unit | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | IS | M | 147 | 273.82–315.48 | 0.92 (0.52–1.63) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | IS | M | 147 | 315.49–351.19 | 1.19 (0.68–2.07) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | IS | M | 147 | 351.2–398.81 | 1.01 (0.57–1.80) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | IS | M | 147 | >398.81 | 1.81 (1.07–3.04) |
| Strasak2 | 2008 | Austria | 41.6 | 13.6 | 83,683 | IS | M | 147 | Per unit | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | Total stroke | M | 9,324 | 281–319 | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | Total stroke | M | 9,324 | 319–362 | 1.09 (1.02–1.15) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | Total stroke | M | 9,324 | >362 | 1.26 (1.19–1.34) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | Total stroke | F | 6,952 | 208–242 | 1.05 (0.97–1.15) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | Total stroke | F | 6,952 | 242–327 | 1.16 (1.07–1.26) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | Total stroke | F | 6,952 | >327 | 1.41 (1.31–1.53) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | HS | M | 9,324 | 281–319 | 0.83 (0.71–0.96) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | HS | M | 9,324 | 319–362 | 0.92 (0.80–1.07) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | HS | M | 9,324 | >362 | 1.10 (0.96–1.27) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | HS | F | 6,952 | 208–242 | 0.81 (0.64–1.01) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | HS | F | 6,952 | 242–327 | 1.01 (0.82–1.24) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | HS | F | 6,952 | >327 | 1.13 (0.92–1.37) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | IS | M | 9,324 | 281–319 | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | IS | M | 9,324 | 319–362 | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | IS | M | 9,324 | >362 | 1.30 (1.22–1.40) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | IS | F | 6,952 | 208–242 | 1.12 (1.01–1.24) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | IS | F | 6,952 | 242–327 | 1.27 (1.15–1.40) |
| Holme | 2009 | Sweden | 30–85 | 11.8 | 417,734 | IS | F | 6,952 | >327 | 1.56 (1.42–1.72) |
| Storhaug | 2013 | Norway | ≥25 | 12.5 | 5,700 | IS | M | 430 | Per unit | 1.31 (1.14–1.50) |
| Storhaug | 2013 | Norway | ≥25 | 12.5 | 5,700 | IS | F | 430 | Per unit | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | Total stroke | M | 301 | 279.7–315.4 | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | Total stroke | M | 301 | 315.4–351.1 | 0.77 (0.52–1.13) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | Total stroke | M | 301 | 351.1–398.7 | 0.77 (0.52–1.13) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | Total stroke | M | 301 | 398.7–952.2 | 1.19 (0.84–1.68) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | IS | M | 301 | 279.7–315.4 | 0.87 (0.54–1.40) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | IS | M | 301 | 315.4–351.1 | 0.75 (0.45–1.26) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | IS | M | 301 | 351.1–398.7 | 0.91 (0.55–1.50) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | IS | M | 301 | 398.7–952.2 | 1.19 (0.75–1.90) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | HS | M | 301 | 279.7–315.4 | 0.90 (0.46–1.77) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | HS | M | 301 | 315.4–351.1 | 1.07 (0.54–2.14) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | HS | M | 301 | 351.1–398.7 | 0.83 (0.41–1.68) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | HS | M | 301 | 398.7–952.2 | 1.41 (0.75–2.65) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | Total stroke | F | 293 | 202.3–232.1 | 1.27 (0.90–2.01) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | Total stroke | F | 293 | 232.1–261.8 | 0.98 (0.62–1.54) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | Total stroke | F | 293 | 261.8–303.5 | 1.05 (0.67–1.64) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | Total stroke | F | 293 | 303.5–642.7 | 1.46 (0.98–2.19) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | IS | F | 293 | 202.3–232.1 | 1.42 (0.74–2.74) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | IS | F | 293 | 232.1–261.8 | 0.80 (0.40–1.61) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | IS | F | 293 | 261.8–303.5 | 1.22 (0.65–2.30) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | IS | F | 293 | 303.5–642.7 | 1.35 (0.75–2.44) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | HS | F | 293 | 202.3–232.1 | 1.41 (0.64–3.13) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | HS | F | 293 | 232.1–261.8 | 1.33 (0.63–2.80) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | HS | F | 293 | 261.8–303.5 | 1.09 (0.48–2.43) |
| Zhang | 2016 | Japan | 35–89 | 10 | 36,313 | HS | F | 293 | 303.5–642.7 | 1.54 (0.76–3.10) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | Total stroke | All | 632 | M: 279.7–327.3 F: 226.1–261.8 |
0.90 (0.72–1.13) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | Total stroke | All | 632 | M: 327.3–380.8 F: 261.8–309.5 |
0.90 (0.71–1.13) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | Total stroke | All | 632 | M: ≥380.8 F: ≥309.5 |
0.87 (0.69–1.11) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | IS | All | 632 | M: 279.7–327.3 F: 226.1–261.8 |
1.01 (0.78–1.30) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | IS | All | 632 | M: 327.3–380.8 F: 261.8–309.5 |
0.93 (0.71–1.20) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | IS | All | 632 | M: ≥380.8 F: ≥309.5 |
0.95 (0.73–1.25) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | HS | All | 632 | M: 279.7–327.3 F: 226.1–261.8 |
0.56 (0.32–0.97) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | HS | All | 632 | M: 327.3–380.8 F: 261.8–309.5 |
0.86 (0.52–1.41) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | HS | All | 632 | M: ≥380.8 F: ≥309.5 |
0.67 (0.38–1.16) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | Total stroke | M | 300 | 279.7–327.3 | 0.86 (0.62–1.19) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | Total stroke | M | 300 | 327.3–380.8 | 0.91 (0.66–1.27) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | Total stroke | M | 300 | ≥380.8 | 0.80 (0.56–1.15) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | Total stroke | F | 332 | 226.1–261.8 | 0.95 (0.69–1.31) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | Total stroke | F | 332 | 261.8–309.5 | 0.90 (0.65–1.24) |
| Shi | 2017 | China | 45–75 | 4.5 | 20,577 | Total stroke | F | 332 | ≥309.5 | 0.95 (0.68–1.32) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | Total stroke | M | 1,309 | 273.7–309.5 | 1.10 (1.06–2.55) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | Total stroke | M | 1,309 | 309.5–374.9 | 1.18 (1.07–2.17) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | Total stroke | M | 1,309 | ≥374.9 | 2.09 (1.40–4.28) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | IS | M | 1,309 | 273.7–309.5 | 1.09 (1.05–3.35) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | IS | M | 1,309 | 309.5–374.9 | 1.13 (1.07–3.37) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | IS | M | 1,309 | ≥374.9 | 1.69 (1.24–4.80) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | HS | M | 1,309 | 273.7–309.5 | 1.09 (1.05–3.35) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | HS | M | 1,309 | 309.5–374.9 | 1.13 (1.07–3.37) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | HS | M | 1,309 | ≥374.9 | 1.69 (1.24–4.80) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | Total stroke | F | 1,309 | 273.7–309.5 | 1.15 (1.06–2.39) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | Total stroke | F | 1,309 | 309.5–374.9 | 1.18 (1.12–2.53) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | Total stroke | F | 1,309 | ≥374.9 | 2.55 (1.28–5.44) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | IS | F | 1,309 | 273.7–309.5 | 1.15 (1.06–2.39) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | IS | F | 1,309 | 309.5–374.9 | 1.18 (1.12–2.53) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | IS | F | 1,309 | ≥374.9 | 1.49 (1.18–4.24) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | HS | F | 1,309 | 273.7–309.5 | 2.84 (1.33–6.93) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | HS | F | 1,309 | 309.5–374.9 | 3.37 (1.55–8.82) |
| Tu | 2019 | China | ≥65 | 3 | 3,243 | HS | F | 1,309 | ≥374.9 | 5.85 (1.99–9.81) |
| Chaudhary | 2020 | USA | ≥45 | 4 | 30,239 | Total stroke | M | 430 | 357–404.7 | 2.11 (1.29–3.45) |
| Chaudhary | 2020 | USA | ≥45 | 4 | 30,239 | Total stroke | M | 430 | ≥404.7 | 1.14 (0.75–1.73) |
| Chaudhary | 2020 | USA | ≥45 | 4 | 30,239 | Total stroke | F | 389 | 357–404.7 | 0.78 (0.46–1.34) |
| Chaudhary | 2020 | USA | ≥45 | 4 | 30,239 | Total stroke | F | 389 | ≥404.7 | 1.04 (0.62–1.73) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | Total stroke | M | 488 | 279.7–321.4 | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | Total stroke | M | 488 | 321.4–357.1 | 0.95 (0.71–1.27) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | Total stroke | M | 488 | 357.1–398.7 | 1.10 (0.82–1.48) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | Total stroke | M | 488 | 398.7–666.5 | 1.02 (0.74–1.35) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | Total stroke | M | 488 | Per unit | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | HS | M | 488 | 279.7–321,4 | 1.06 (0.57–1.98) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | HS | M | 488 | 321.4–357.1 | 1.23 (0.66–2.29) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | HS | M | 488 | 357.1–398.7 | 1.26 (0.67–2.41) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | HS | M | 488 | 398.7–666.5 | 0.83 (0.40–1.72) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | HS | M | 488 | Per unit | 0.95 (0.75–1.19) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | IS | M | 488 | 279.7–321,4 | 1.04 (0.74–1.45) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | IS | M | 488 | 321.4–357.1 | 0.89 (0.63–1.26) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | IS | M | 488 | 357.1–398.7 | 1.01 (0.71–1.44) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | IS | M | 488 | 398.7–666.5 | 1.01 (0.70–1.41) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | IS | M | 488 | Per unit | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | Total stroke | F | 530 | 214.2–244 | 1.02 (0.74–1.40) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | Total stroke | F | 530 | 244–273.7 | 1.20 (0.89–1.63) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | Total stroke | F | 530 | 273.7–309.5 | 1.15 (0.84–1.56) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | Total stroke | F | 530 | 309.5–613 | 1.45 (1.07–1.96) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | Total stroke | F | 530 | Per unit | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | HS | F | 530 | 214.2–244 | 0.64 (0.32–1.25) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | HS | F | 530 | 244–273.7 | 0.86 (0.47–1.59) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | HS | F | 530 | 273.7–309.5 | 1.22 (0.68–2.18) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | HS | F | 530 | 309.5–613 | 1.20 (0.65–2.20) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | HS | F | 530 | Per unit | 1.19 (0.99–1.42) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | IS | F | 530 | 214.2–244 | 1.33 (0.88–2.02) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | IS | F | 530 | 244–273.7 | 1.52 (1.02–2.26) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | IS | F | 530 | 273.7–309.5 | 1.12 (0.73–1.72) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | IS | F | 530 | 309.5–613 | 1.61 (1.07–2.41) |
| Li | 2020 | Japan | 40–79 | 23.1 | 13,420 | IS | F | 530 | Per unit | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) |
| Norvik | 2017 | Norway | 55–74 | 19 | 2,940 | IS | All | 271 | Per unit | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) |
| Chen | 2011 | China | 19–85 | 1.5 | 226 | IS | All | 43 | Per unit | 1.01 (0.99–1.01) |
| Chen | 2009 | China | ≥35 | 8.2 | 5,427 | IS | All | 344 | Per unit | 1.35 (1.04–1.76) |
| Chen | 2009 | China | ≥35 | 8.2 | 5,427 | IS | M | 344 | >416.6 | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) |
| Chen | 2009 | China | ≥35 | 8.2 | 5,427 | IS | F | 344 | >416.6 | 1.83 (1.17–2.87) |
| Chen | 2009 | China | ≥35 | 8.2 | 5,427 | HS | All | 200 | Per unit | 1.18 (0.83–1.67) |
| Chen | 2009 | China | ≥35 | 8.2 | 5,427 | HS | M | 200 | >416.6 | 1.18 (0.76–1.83) |
| Chen | 2009 | China | ≥35 | 8.2 | 5,427 | HS | F | 200 | >416.6 | 1.01 (0.55–1.88) |
| Koton | 2008 | UK | 45–85 | 3.8 | 2,131 | IS | All | 259 | Per unit | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) |
| Koton | 2008 | UK | 45–85 | 3.8 | 2,131 | IS | M | 259 | Per unit | 0.90 (0.78–1.04) |
| Koton | 2008 | UK | 45–85 | 3.8 | 2,131 | IS | F | 259 | Per unit | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) |
| Lehto | 1998 | Finland | 45–64 | 7 | 1,017 | Total stroke | All | 114 | >295 | 1.91 (1.24–2.94) |
HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; IS, Ischemic Stroke; HS, Hemorrhagic Stroke; UA: uric acid; UK, the united kingdom; USA, the United States; M, male; F, female; All, both male and female.