Table 3.
Overall and subgroup analyses of the association between UA levels and the risk of stroke.
| Groups | Studies (n) | Total | IS | HS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI); P | I2 | HR (95% CI); P | I2 | HR (95% CI); P | I2 | ||
| Overall analysis | |||||||
| 13/14/11 | 1.13 (1.09–1.18); <0.001 | 59.0% | 1.15 (1.10–1.21); <0.001 | 77.0% | 1.07 (1.00–1.15); 0.046 | 33.7% | |
| Subgroup analysis | |||||||
| By gender | |||||||
| Female | 10/10/7 | 1.19 (1.12–1.26); <0.001 | 55.1% | 1.26 (1.17–1.36); <0.001 | 58.6% | 1.19 (1.04–1.35); 0.01 | 49.5% |
| Male | 11/12/8 | 1.11 (1.05–1.17); <0.001 | 56.9% | 1.12 (1.06–1.19); <0.001 | 38.1% | 1.01 (0.95–1.07); 0.81 | 0.0% |
| All | 2/5/2 | 1.02 (0.79–1.31); 0.89 | 72.8% | 1.02 (0.97–1.10); 0.38 | 40.3% | 0.82 (0.58–1.16); 0.27 | 51.5% |
| By location | |||||||
| Asia | 7/6/6 | 1.06 (1.01–1.13); 0.03 | 25.5% | 1.08 (1.02–1.14); 0.01 | 19.6% | 1.17 (1.03–1.34); 0.02 | 41.2% |
| Europe | 5/8/4 | 1.20 (1.13–1.27); <0.001 | 77.8% | 1.19 (1.12–1.27); <0.001 | 75.5% | 1.01 (0.95–1.07); 0.76 | 1.7% |
| America | 1/1/NA | 1.13 (1.10–1.18); 0.39 | NA | 1.10 (0.95–1.28); 0.19 | NA | NA | NA |
| By follow up years | |||||||
| (0, 10) | 5/5/4 | 1.13 (1.02–1.25); 0.02 | 56.4% | 1.10 (1.02–1.19); 0.01 | 50.3% | 1.24 (0.99–1.54); 0.06 | 57.4% |
| (10, 20) | 6/7/4 | 1.15 (1.09–1.21); <0.001 | 69.7% | 1.19 (1.12–1.26); <0.001 | 60.9% | 1.10 (0.96–1.07); 0.75 | 2.7% |
| (20, 30) | 2/2/2 | 1.13 (1.09–1.18); <0.001 | 0.2% | 1.15 (1.10–1.21); 0.02 | 0.0% | 1.11 (0.98–1.26); 0.11 | 4.6% |
| By age | |||||||
| (20, 40) | 4/6/3 | 1.12 (1.04–1.21); <0.001 | 72.6% | 1.18 (1.08–1.30); <0.001 | 91.1% | 1.00 (0.92–1.08); 0.91 | 16.6% |
| (40, 50) | 6/6/4 | 1.08 (1.02–1.14); 0.01 | 42.2% | 1.05 (1.00–1.10); <0.001 | 3.7% | 1.04 (0.94–1.14); 0.45 | 9.9% |
| (50, 90) | 3/4/3 | 1.28 (1.17–1.40); <0.001 | 52.6% | 1.23 (1.14–1.34); 0.04 | 25.9% | 1.40 (1.14–1.72); <0.001 | 49.5% |
| By stroke severity | |||||||
| Fatal | 7/8/6 | 1.17 (1.10– 1.25); <0.001 | 37.7% | 1.20 (1.13– 1.27); <0.001 | 12.0% | 1.24 (1.10– 1.39); <0.001 | 31.7% |
| Non-fatal | 5/6/3 | 1.16 (1.10– 1.23); <0.001 | 70.6% | 1.14 (1.07– 1.22); <0.001 | 84.8% | 1.00 (0.94– 1.07); 0.98 | 10.1% |
| Adjusted body mass index (BMI) | |||||||
| Yes | 11/12/8 | 1.11 (1.06–1.16); <0.001 | 40.3% | 1.11 (1.07–1.17); <0.001 | 24.6% | 1.31 (1.03–1.24); 0.01 | 29.5% |
| No | 2/3/2 | 1.20 (1.11–1.18); <0.001 | 83.2% | 1.23 (1.11–1.37); <0.001 | 94.0% | 1.07 (1.00–1.15); 0.68 | 27.5% |
| Adjusted smoking status | |||||||
| Yes | 9/11/7 | 1.10 (1.04–1.17); <0.001 | 43.6% | 1.12 (1.07–1.19); <0.001 | 27.5% | 1.18 (1.05–1.33); 0.01 | 39.7% |
| No | 4/4/3 | 1.17 (1.10–1.24); <0.001 | 73.3% | 1.18 (1.09–1.28); <0.001 | 89.7% | 1.00 (0.94–1.07); 0.98 | 10.1% |
| Adjusted hypertension or blood pressure | |||||||
| Yes | 10/14/9 | 1.12 (1.07–1.16); <0.001 | 61.8% | 1.14 (1.09–1.20); <0.001 | 77.5% | 1.07 (1.00–1.16); 0.07 | 40.0% |
| No | 3/1/1 | 1.29 (1.14–1.46); <0.001 | 24.8% | 1.30 (1.15–1.46); <0.001 | 0.0% | 1.17 (0.91–1.52); 0.23 | 0.0% |
| Adjusted diabetes mellitus or blood glucose | |||||||
| Yes | 10/10/7 | 1.12 (1.07–1.17); <0.001 | 63.7% | 1.15 (1.09–1.21); <0.001 | 81.7% | 1.02 (0.96–1.09); 0.58 | 20.2% |
| No | 3/4/3 | 1.20 (1.08–1.32); <0.001 | 38.5% | 1.18 (1.10–1.26); <0.001 | 0.0% | 1.37 (1.13–1.65); <0.001 | 30.9% |
| Adjusted hyperlipidemia or lipid | |||||||
| Yes | 12/13/8 | 1.12 (1.07–1.17); <0.001 | 60.0% | 1.14 (1.09–1.19); <0.001 | 56.5% | 1.07 (0.99–1.16); 0.09 | 43.1% |
| No | 1/2/2 | 1.27 (1.13–1.41); <0.001 | 17.5% | 1.28 (1.10–1.50); <0.001 | 73.1 | 1.16 (0.97–1.39); 0.10 | 0.0% |
| Adjusted renal factors | |||||||
| Yes | 3/3/8 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09); 0.87 | 62.7% | 1.14 (1.04–1.25); <0.001 | 8.0% | 1.03 (0.99–1.08); 0.15 | 79.5% |
| No | 10/12/2 | 1.17 (1.12–1.22); <0.001 | 23.3% | 1.16 (1.10–1.22); <0.001 | 79.1% | 1.41 (0.88–2.26); 0.16 | 0.0% |
HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; IS, Ischemic Stroke; HS, Hemorrhagic Stroke; UA: uric acid; BMI: body mass index; NA, not available.