Table 1.

Summary of the principal factors analysis of the questionnaire with online learning students

Items	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3
15. Instructors provided feedbacks/remarks via various modalities on assignments.	0.687
19. Instructors helped students learn online through providing home-made asynchronous recorded broadcasting.	0.651
14. Instructors timely responded to students’ assignments and provided remarks.	0.641
16. Instructors encouraged student reflection about their online learning experience, and provided feedbacks and guidance.	0.625
18. Instructors encouraged student reading through increasing interactive visual syllabi of the course.	0.580
17. Instructors interacted with students in an online course using various synchronous features.	0.521
11. Instructors timely responded to students’ questions via forums, social media, or email.		0.817
10. Students communicated with the instructors timely via various approaches.		0.742
12. Instructors often provide the announcement information to students via notice, message, or email.		0.652
13. Instructors often appear in in the discussion forums.		0.604
8. Before an online course, instructor introduced her/his educational backgrounds, working experiences, expectation, via asynchronous recorded broadcasting or voice communication.			0.707
9. Before an online course, instructor introduced learning methods of the course via asynchronous recorded broadcasting to help students become familiar with online learning platforms.			0.576
r	0.841	0.863	0.647
Cumulative variance percent	23.2%	23.1%	9.3%
Key factors	Teacher’s instructional strategies	Learning under teacher’s supervision and monitor	Self-directed learning and goal-setting

Extraction methods: principle axis factoring. Rotation methods: Varimax Kaiser normalization (KMO = 0.882). The number of factors were determined by the eigenvalues extracted >1; r, reliability. KMO, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure.